Petrography (from the Greek petra meaning rock and graphus meaning writing or a record) originated over 150 years ago as a technique employed primarily by geologists, who used microscopes to examine rock samples to identify their mineralogical and chemical characteristics. Petrographic techniques have since been applied to a wide range of materials used in construction including building stone, aggregate, soil, cement, concrete, mortar, brick, and bituminous mixtures. The polarising microscope has been used for the examination of cementitious materials since 1887. Almost one hundred years ago a series of six articles'1' in Concrete and Concrete Construction, the forerunner of today's CONCRETE, described the possibilities of using a microscope for examining concrete. In the last 40 years, petrography has become widely used for both research and commercial investigation of concrete structures. Petrographic examination is a laboratory procedure that is unique in that it relies highly on visual inspection of the samples. It requires specialist sample preparation and microscopical equipment and operators with appropriate qualifications and experience. Using the microscope the petrographer can determine the composition of concrete, assess its quality, and investigate the causes and extent of any deterioration. Photographs taken through the microscope (photomicrographs) record petrographic features of concrete samples. <...>

Resource evaluation drilling is usually on a regular pattern; the pattern spacing should be optimised to maximise profit from mining, accounting for the cost of drilling and the value of additional information from increased density of drilling, and also to reduce risk in mined ore tonnes and grades to an acceptable level. Conditional simulation methods for determining optimum drilling spacing are more powerful than traditional methods, and simulation methods can take into account local variability in grade. Mining profit functions can consider profit and density of evaluation drilling so that profit can be maximised.

The papers in this volume consider the general themes of flow confinement and topographic control on processes and sedimentary architecture in deep water clastic systems.
This publication grew out of an international workshop on Confined Turbidite Systems, held in Nice (France) in September 2001. Many of the papers presented at that meeting related to case studies of the Ores d'Annot turbidites, which are so spectacularly exposed in the region north of Nice. Hence we have also produced a companion volume in the same series (Geological Society Special Publication 221) specifically focusing on the Ores d'Annot.

Since V.M. Goldschmidt's (1911) classic study on the Oslo area of Norway, contact aureoles have provided excellent natural "laboratories" for the elucidation of the processes and conditions of metamorphism. Reverdatto (1973) compiled petrologic studies on contact metamorphism. However, considerable research on the processes and controls of contact metamorphism has been carried out in the last two decades. This volume presents a review of contact metamorphism from a variety of geological subdisciplines (igneous and metamorphic petrology, geochemistry, thermal modeling, and structural geology). This chapter presents a brief overview of the controls and processes of contact metamorphism, and is primarily intended for readers who are relatively unfamiliar with this topic <...>