Добрый день, Коллеги. Важное сообщение, просьба принять участие. Музей Ферсмана ищет помощь для реставрационных работ в помещении. Подробности по ссылке
It has been said that a good definition first throws the thing to be defined into a very large pool (i.e. a very broad category) and then pulls it out again (i.e. describes the unique characteristics that differentiate it from the other members of that category). That is the approach we will use in tackling the question; "What, exactly, is the Fourier series?" <...>
Modern geochemistry utilizes three powerful tools: (major and trace) elements, isotopes, and equations, to study various Earth and environmental processes. A combination of the experimental tools (elements and isotopes) with theoretical tools (equations) provides penetrating insights into the Earth and environmental processes. The aim of this book is to link equations more closely with geochemical measurements, including elemental abundances and (radiogenic, radioactive and stable) isotopic compositions. The importance to use equations in scientific research has been best stated by Albert Einstein, "Equations are more important to me, because politics is for the present, but an equation is something for eternity." <...>
The engineer designing such soil structures as embankments, dams, or building foundations should be able to predict the safety of these against collapse or excessive deformation under various loading conditions which are deemed possible. On occasion, he may have to apply his predictive knowledge to events in natural soil or rock outcrops, subject perhaps to new, man-made conditions. Typical of this is the disastrous collapse of the mountain (Mount Toc) bounding the Vajont reservoir which occurred on 9 October 1963 in Italy (Müller 1965). Figure 1.1 shows both a sketch indicating the extent of the failure and a diagram indicating the cross section of the encountered ground movement. <...>
In his foreword to "Soft Computing for Reservoir Characterization and Modeling", Dr. Bertrand Braunschweig posed the question: "What's next?". In this companion volume, the authors have provided an imaginative and comprehensive answer. They have extended the application of soft computing techniques to methodologies used for oil exploration in general and have indicated how these increasingly popular methodologies can be integrated with our more traditional industry techniques. In this collection of articles you will find contributions from largely diverse disciplines, ranging from geostatistics and time lapse seismic to biostratigraphy and core analysis. <...>
В последние годы в геологии стали широко применяться математические методы. Автор брошюры популярно излагает проблему восстановления картины геологического прошлого на основе представлений о передаче информации. В брошюре изложены и обоснованы математические операции, выполняемые электронно-вычислительной машиной над данными о составе, строении и свойствах горных пород, для получения сведений о климате, рельефе и других событиях далекого геологического прошлого.
Parameter estimation is a subject that is standard fare in the many books available on statistics. These books range from the highly theoretical expositions written by statisticians to the more practical treatments contributed by the many users of applied statistics. This text is an attempt to strike a balance between these two extremes. The particular audience we have in mind is the community involved in the design and implementation of signal processing algorithms. As such, the primary focus is on obtaining optimal estimation algorithms that may be implemented on a digital computer. The data sets are therefore assumed to be samples of a continuous-time waveform or a sequence of data points. The choice of topics reflects what we believe to be the important approaches to obtaining an optimal estimator and analyzing its performance. As a consequence, some of the deeper theoretical issues have been omitted with references given instead. <...>
Во многих областях естествознания важное место занимают задачи классификации (распознавания) тех или иных явлений. В самых общих чертах задачу распознавания можно сформулировать следующим образом. Пусть известно, что рассматриваемый объект может находиться в одном из конечного числа состояний. Требуется по некоторой информации об этом объекте опре-делить, в каком состоянии находится объект. К задачам распознавания относятся, например, задача об оценке масштабов оруденения в геологии, диагностика заболеваний в медицине, определение экономической перспективности районов в экономике, задача контроля правильности работы устройства в технике, прогнозирование свойств химических соединений в химии, задача построения автоматов, умевших различать звуковые сигналы, рукописные буквы, геометрические образы и т.д. <...>
В IX пятилетке в мелиоративное строительство намечается вложить 26,6 млрд.руб., сумму, вдвое превышающую вложения за все предыдущие годы. Темп прироста орошаемых земель, составивший в прошлом пятилетки 200-300 тыс.га в год; должен увеличиться до 600 тыс.га. Выполнение зтих планов требует своевременного обеспечения строительства проектно-ометной документацией и невозможно без значительного повышения производительности труда при проведении геологических, почвенных, гидрогеологических, инженерно-геологических и других видов инженерно-мелиоративных изысканий. <..>
Mathematical methods have been employed by a few geologists since the earliest days of the profession. For example, mining geologists and engineers have used samples to calculate tonnages and estimate ore tenor for centuries. As Fisher pointed out (1953, p. 3), Lyell’s subdivision of the Tertiary on the basis of the relative abundance of modern marine organisms is a statistical procedure. Sedimentary petrologists have regarded grain-size and shape measurements as important sources of sedimentological information since the beginning of the last century. The hybrid Earth sciences of geochemistry, geophysics, and geohydrology require a firm background in mathematics, although their procedures are primarily derived from the non-geological parent. Similarly, mineralogists and crystallographers utilize mathematical techniques derived from physical and analytical chemistry. <...>
