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A Geology of Media forms the third and final part of the trilogy of media ecologies: from the viral worlds of Digital Contagions (2007) to the swarms of Insect Media (2010), the focus has been on the digital materialism that tied animals and ecology as part of theory and narratives of history. A Geology of Media is more focused on the nonorganic and yet connects with the concerns of the two: how to think the continuum between nature and technology? <...>
“Prevention is better than cure” has been the leitmotiv of UNESCO, since its creation, in addressing world problems: prevention through education at all levels and in all sectors, the advancement of science and its applications, cultural development and adequate information. Whether in facing wars, conflicts or in coping with hazards, natural and technological in origin, UNESCO has constantly favoured an educational, scientific and cultural approach that sees anticipation as the only possible solution. It is the only possible cost-effective way of dealing with potential risks and disasters. It is of vital importance that the world community takes the long-term view and learns to be proactive rather than reactive.
Sublevel caving (SLC) has previously been regarded as a high dilution and low recovery mining method requiring specific orebody geometry and rock mass conditions to be successful. Progress in the past 20 years at numerous operations has broken this misconception. A wide range of challenges have been encounteredand mitigated at operations around the world, including high stress and seismicity, fines, inrush hazard, remnant mining and interaction with open pits and other caves.
In 1988, at the request of members of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME), Inc., the President of SME formed Working Party #79, Ore Reserve Definition, with the mission to develop guidelines for the public reporting of exploration information, resources, and reserves. A Subcommittee was appointed by the Working Party to draft these guidelines and submit recommendations to SME. The Subcommittee’s recommendations were published by SME in the April 1991 issue of “Mining Engineering”, and as a document entitled “A Guide for Reporting Exploration Information, Resources, and Reserves” in January 1992. Work continued on an ad-hoc basis until 1996, when Working Party #79 was renamed the SME Committee on Resources and Reserves and became a standing committee. <...>
Foraminifera have an evolutionary history that extends back to the Cambrian, more than 525 million years ago. Since then, they have radiated and evolved. To date, approximately 60,000 fossil and modern species have been validly recognized (LANGER, 2011), and an estimated 10,000 species (including only 40-50 planktonic species) are still living (VICKERMAN, 1992), constituting the most diverse group of shelled microorganisms in modern oceans (SEN GUPTA, 1999). These small-sized organisms, usually 0.1 to 1 mm, may be very abundant, and tens of thousands living specimens per square meter may be found in some environments (WETMORE, 1995). Their mineralized tests (shells) usually get preserved in the sediment after the death of the organism and may constitute a major, sometimes the dominant, part of many modern or fossil sediments (fig. 1). They are easy to collect, and their high-density populations provide an adequate statistical base, even in small volume samples, to perform environmental analyses, making them a powerful tool for environmental assessment. <...>
The Earth is approximately spherical, with a mean radius R = 6370km, a very small flattening (+7/ − 15km), mass 6 × 1024kg, and an average density 5.5g/cm3; the law of gravitational attraction is F = GmMr/r3, where F is the force directed along the separation distance r between two point bodies with mass m and M; and G = 6.67 × 10−8cm3/g · s2 is the gravitation constant.
The history of life is written in the rocks, or more precisely in the fossils contained within the rocks. Fossils are the remains of ancient animals and plants, as well as fungi and microbes, preserved by natural processes of burial and entombment. Without the existence of fossils it is doubtful whether Charles Darwin would ever have devised his theory of evolution by natural selection.
