The methodology of isotope and geochemical studies involves the most complicated analytical procedures to obtain high-quality results and application to the analytical data of the genetic criteria developed by isotope geochemistry. Our results and recommendations can be regarded as innovative; they are for the first time based on such a broad and complete (11 systems) set of studies of independent isotope systems with nano- and micro-amounts of matter.

This book was initiated by a study conducted at Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences for Shell Research. For the present book this study has been considerably enlarged and modified. The book has benefited from discussions with numerous colleagues, and numerous colleagues have provided us with unpublished data and information. Without this support, this book would not have been possible.

Volcanoes are an astonishing manifestation of the activity of planets and their satellites, as observed in active and/or fossil examples on Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury, the Moon and the Jovian satellite Io. On Earth, volcanoes are one of the most impressive evidence of the same imbalance in energy that is also driving plate tectonics. Active volcanoes have terrified and at the same time fascinated populations and civilizations for thousands of years.

Water and earthquakes, while two seemingly separate subjects, do interact, as evidenced by the great many earthquakes during the last decade in themid-continental USA induced by the injection of toxic wastewater co-produced from hydrocarbon extraction.

Enriched Mantle Reservoirs as a Source of the Largest Apatite and Rare-Metal Deposits 

L. N. Kogarko

Problems of Mantle Structure and Compositions of Various Terranes of Siberian Craton 

I. V. Ashchepkov, N. V. Vladykin, A. Ivanov, S. Babushkina, M. Vavilov, and N. Medvedev

Zhidoy Alkali-Ultramafic Rock and Carbonatite Massif: Geochemical Features, Its Sources Aednd Ore-Bearing

N. V. Vladykin, I. A. Sotnikova, and N. V. Alymova

Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Content of Alkaline Granite Magmatism of East Sayan Zone (On the Example of Zashikhinsky Deposit) 

N. V. Alymova and N. V. Vladykin

The variety of Swiss landscapes is due to the combination of varied structural and climatic contexts and a rich geological heritage. The book is divided in three mainsections. The first section presents the physical context and details the variety of Swiss geomorphological landscapes. The second section proposes 23 examples of Swiss landscapes, in three main subsections: eight examples of structural landscapes; nine cases of glacial, periglacial and high mountain landscapes; and six examples of river landscapes and landscapes related to gravity-driven processes. The last section deals with geoheritage, geoparks and geotourism. <...>

Constitutive models are fundamental training for graduate students in geotechnical engineering. For a long time, however, these models have lacked a simple and easy-to-understand platform for learning, training and practice between the theory and practice of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Many engineers and practitioners, and even some researchers, have reservations about this topic. There is a mismatch between research and application. Especially in recent years, constitutive models aiming at refined simulations have been continuously developed, with increasing complexity and parameters. In addition, difficulties in parameter calibration have given rise to barriers to their use in geotechnical engineering. Therefore, the establishment of a simple, easy-to-understand, easy-to-use learning, training and practice platform can serve as a bridge between theory and practice. This book, with its supporting platform software, is a welcome attempt to make constitutive models more accessible to both researchers and practitioners alike. <...>

Part I Landslide Interactions with the Built Environment Session Introduction—Landslide Interaction with the Built Environment
M.G. Winter, T.A. Dijkstra, and J. Wasowski Landslide Risk Assessment for the Built Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa

Peter Redshaw, Tom Dijkstra, Matthew Free, Colm Jordan, Anna Morley, and Stuart Fraser Rainfall-Induced Debris Flow Risk Reduction: A Strategic Approach
Mike G. Winter RUPOK: An Online Landslide Risk Tool for Road Networks
Michal Bíl, Richard Andrášik, Jan Kubeček, Zuzana Křivánková, and Rostislav Vodák The Impact (Blight) on House Value Caused by Urban Landslides in England and  Wales
William Disberry, Andy Gibson, Rob Inkpen, Malcolm Whitworth, Claire Dashwood, and Mike Winter Landslide Monitoring and Counteraction Technologies in Polish Lignite Opencast Mines

I am indebted to many colleagues and former students for valuable suggestions and discussions and for having provided thin sections or images. I thank PD Dr. Afifé El Kohr (University of Fribourg) for reading all chapters and suggesting important improvements in the text and the figures. I thank Dr. Florence Bégué (University of Geneva) for reading and improving remarks on various chapters. Special thanks for commenting on various drafts are due to Prof. Richard Bevins (Natural Museum of Wales), Sam Carmalt (University of Geneva), Dr. William Cannon (US Geological Survey), and Dr. Kenneth M. Towe (Smithonian Institute, Washington).

Geomorphology literally means the study of the Earth’s landforms. It is defi ned by the International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG; www.geomorph.org) as the interdisciplinary and systematic study of landforms and their landscapes, as well as the Earth surface processes that create them. Geomorphologists investigate landforms and landscapes addressing multiple aspects, such as their genesis,  morphometry , chronology and past and future evolution. They also investigate Earth surface processes not only to understand their morphogenetic role, but also to gain a scientifi c basis for assessing and managing a great deal of environmental problems associated with them, notably geohazards (e.g. landslides, fl oods, subsidence, earthquakes).