Explosive volcanic eruptions eject large volumes of high surface area, metal-rich dust and ash into the atmosphere. In areas near major volcanic eruptions, humans often interact with these materials and may bioaccumulate heavy and toxic metals. To evaluate these interactions, we examine bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BAL) collected from people exposed to the paroxysmal 2001 Etna eruption.

Minerals, both metallic and nonmetallic, and building stones have played key role in shaping human civilization since ancient times. Demand for and production of these earth resources increased manifold during the Industrial Revolution and both have seen an exponential growth during the last century, keeping pace with growing national and global economies. Ever-widening base of mineral use has made minerals an integral part of our everyday life.

Пространство, структура и случайность. Вклад в честь Джорджа Матерона в области геостатистики, случайных множеств и математической морфологии

Personal Reminiscences of Georges Matheron Dietrich Stoyan
A few words about Georges Matheron (1930-2000) Jean Serra
Introduction From the editors
Part I Geostatistics

Geomagnetism is the study of the earth's magnetic field: its measurement, variation in time and space, origins, and its use in helping us to understand more about our Earth. Paleomagnetism is the study of the record left in the rocks; it has contributed much to our understanding of the geomagnetic field's past behavior and many other aspects of geology and earth history.

Data on the geomagnetic field in the Balkan region and state borders were regarded as confidential information for a long time. Unfortunately this meant that geomagnetic field information was confidential information. The Republic of Macedonia was in a complicated situation because geomagnetic investigations were carried out by experts from Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. When Macedonia became an independent country, a team of experts from the Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department for Geology and Geophysics in Stip and Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Physics in Skopje, started activities to establish a Geomagnetic Observatory in Macedonia. In the last four years, with the help of Dr. Jean Rasson from Institut Royal Météorologique, Centre du Physique du Globe in Dourbes, Belgium, a network of 15 repeat stations for measurement of the geomagnetic field in the Republic of Macedonia was created. For the first time since independence, all elements of geomagnetic field were determined <...>

This book starts with conversions. Although the metric system is being adopted worldwide, older data from Anglo-American countries will always be non-metric. Any deposit evaluation should be based on solid historical research. Many deposits have a long exploration history. Meticulous investigation of older data often answers many questions and avoids mistakes.
In addition, uncommon units used in the raw materials field are introduced.

Thereafter the book generally follows the usual steps of an evaluation: Assessment of tonnage and grades; conversion of geological data into mining data; derivation of a commodity price; calculation of return per tonne of ore; determination of optimum mine capacity; estimation of capital and production costs; final economic evaluation as appropriate for early stage projects.

The book ends with four chapters dealing with aspects of general interest to economic geologists and mineral economists: Valuation of exploration projects without mineralization, comparison of deposits, calculations of growth rates and equity

This book is written as a practical field manual to be used by geologists engaged in mineral exploration. It is also hoped that it will serve as a text and reference for students in Applied Geology courses of universities and colleges. The book aims to outline some of the practical skills that turn the graduate geologist into an explorationist:. It is intended as a practical 'how to' book, rather than as a text on geological or ore deposit theory. An explorationist is a professional who searches for ore bodies in a scientific and structured way. Although an awkward and artificial term, this is the only available word to describe the totality of the skills which are needed to locate and define economic mineralization.

Mining capital is capital required to develop mines from exploration, feasibility studies, mine design, construction, and commissioning to operation; capital to refinance and modernize old mines; capital to purchase mining, processing, and related mine infrastructure equipment; and capital to acquire mines. The supply of commodities remains vital to the development of modern society.

1 Introduction to the Landscapes and Landforms of Italy Mauro Soldati and Mauro Marchetti
Part I Physical Environment
2 The Great Diversity of Italian Landscapes and Landforms: Their Origin and Human Imprint Mauro Marchetti, Mauro Soldati, and Vittoria Vandelli
3 Outline of the Geology of Italy Alfonso Bosellini
4 The Climate of Italy Simona Fratianni and Fiorella Acquaotta
5 Morphological Regions of Italy Paola Fredi and Elvidio Lupia Palmieri
Part II Landscapes and Landforms