Also known as the petroleum industry, Oil and Gas industry is one of the biggest sectors or portions of all industries in the world in terms of monetary value (as high as $2 trillion per annum in 2021 [1]). Due to its inherent nature of providing the most crucial economic framework – Oil to the world, Oil and Gas industry stands apart as one of the most significant, widespread and impactful industries around the globe, especially for countries including the United States, Russia, Canada, Saudi Arabia and China.

РФ имеет значительные ресурсы нефти и газа, расположенные на дне морских акваторий. Добыча этих ресурсов ведется с использование морских стационарных платформ. Так как морские платформы эксплуатируются в сложных природно-климатических условиях, которые характеризуются значительными нагрузками и воздействиями от окружающей среды, то в основных конструктивных элементах и сварных соединениях этих платформ протекают усталостные процессы, способные привести к аварийной ситуации. Для предотвращения наступления аварийной ситуации необходимо выполнить ремонт либо замену элементов и сварных и соединений платформы.

Structural geology is obviously one of the more important subjects for geoscientists working in petroleum industry. Folds and faults in deformed rocks make traps for hydrocarbon accumulation. Also, large-scale deformations, the so-called tectonics, control the architecture of petroliferous sedimentary basins. It is the primary job of a structural geologist to interpret geological map and field data, and infer geometry of large scale folds and faults. However, geoscientists with varied specializations and working with different kinds of data may also be called upon to make structural interpretations.

The basic structural building block of the biomarkers is the isoprene unit (Figure 1A). The end closer to the methyl branch is called the "head/' and the other end is the "tail." Compounds formed biosynthetically from isoprene units are called "isoprenoids." Two isoprene units joined head-to-tail (with minor modifications, such as hydrogenation of double bonds) form a monoterpane (Figure IB). Two monoterpanes (four isoprene units) linked together form a diterpane, whereas six isoprene units can be joined either to form a sterane or a triterpane, depending upon how the linking is accomplished.

This is a book on the geology of hydrocarbon reservoirs in carbonate rocks. Although it is written for petroleum geologists, geophysicists, and engineers, it can be useful as a reference for hydrogeologists and environmental geologists because reservoirs and aquifers differ only in the fl uids they contain. Environmental geoscientists interested in contaminant transport or hazardous waste disposal also need to know about porosity (capacity to store) and permeability (capacity to fl ow) of subsurface formations.

Petroleum systems 

Geologic principles and geologic time
Rock and minerals, rock cycle, reservoir properties
Hydrocarbon origin, migration and accumulation

North Africa contains some 4% of the world's remaining oil and gas reserves, and is now one of the most active exploration areas. This volume represents the first attempt at a compilation of the petroleum geology of North Africa, documenting a series of papers collected on the petroleum geology of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Ubya and the western part of Egypt. The main objectives of this book are to increase the level of documentation towards that appropriate for such major petroleum provinces and to facilitate the application of analogues between North African countries and beyond.

Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Ottoman, Italian, and Allied military control after the Second World War. There was little organised scientific activity before the annexation of Libya by Italy in 1911, although a number of expeditions, some with scientific interests, passed through Libya in the 19th century. The main objective of these expeditions, mostly organised by the London-based African Association, was to explore the region southwards from Murzuq to Timbuktu, determine the course of the Niger River and assess the commercial potential of the area. The earliest of these expeditions was undertaken by Friedrich Hornemann who travelled with a camel caravan from Egypt into Libya passing through the oases of Siwa and Awjilah, and then across the Haruj al Aswad to Murzuq, and subsequently to Tripoli.

The intention of this book is to provide a detailed synthesis of the available information published on the petroleum geology of the Persian Gulf. Despite the intensive petroleum exploration which has taken place in the Persian Gulf over the past seventy years, relatively little has been published in the petroleum geology literature. One of the main reasons for this is that many of the studies are undertaken either for or by oil companies, who, for competitive reasons, impose restrictions on publication to maintain confidentiality. This information will aid in estimating oil and gas reserves as well as improving field development technology. Much work remains to be done regarding the geology of the Persian Gull. The need for a book on the geology of the Persian Gulf is therefore clear, and it is hoped that it will continue to provide a useful reference manual and resource of ideas for students as well as professionals. <...>