The basic structural building block of the biomarkers is the isoprene unit (Figure 1A). The end closer to the methyl branch is called the "head/' and the other end is the "tail." Compounds formed biosynthetically from isoprene units are called "isoprenoids." Two isoprene units joined head-to-tail (with minor modifications, such as hydrogenation of double bonds) form a monoterpane (Figure IB). Two monoterpanes (four isoprene units) linked together form a diterpane, whereas six isoprene units can be joined either to form a sterane or a triterpane, depending upon how the linking is accomplished.

Представлены некоторые из результатов экспериментальных исследований в области наук о жизни в лаборатории физико-химии биологических мембран биологического факультета Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоносова. Материал состоит из шести основных разделов с информацией о научных результатах и дополнительного седьмого раздела. Последний, седьмой раздел содержит информацию о публикациях различных учебных и учебно-методических материалов, работ о совершенствовании университетского образования, в том числе учебников и образовательных программ по вопросам биологического и экологического образования. Этот текст частично основан на предыдущей публикации (Orlov S.N., Kotelevtsev S.V., Novikov K.N., Selishcheva A.A., Akimova O.A., Ostroumov S.A. Toxicology, biophysics. From fundamental biomedical research to applications. Some results and bibliography // Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions, 2013, vol.19, p. 9-28), со многими дополнениями и существенным обновлением материала.

PAYNE, S. N. J., EWEN, D. F. & BOWMAN, M. J. The role and value of 'high-impact biostratigraphy' in reservoir appraisal and development
DUXBURY, S., KADOLSKY, D. & JOHANSEN, S. Sequence stratigraphy subdivision of the Humber Group in the Outer Moray Firth area (UKCS, North Sea)
MORRIS, P. H., PAYNE, S. N. J. & RICHARDS, D. P. J. Micropalaeontological biostratigraphy of the Magnus Sandstone Member (Kimmeridgian-Early Volgian), Magnus Field, UK North Sea
Smpp, D. J. Well-site biostratigraphy of Danish horizontal wells

Palynological methods are extensively used in Quaternary biostratigraphical investigations. The application of palynology in Pleistocene stratigraphy, including glacial deposits, is connected with some special problems. Intensive geological processes affecting the formation of autochthonous pollen spectra and the break up, rebedding and transport of pollen-bearing sediments complicates the interpretation of the stratigraphy considerably. Therefore attention has been focused on methodical problems.