Almost the period of one generation has passed since 1967, the year of the first release of Physical Geodesy by Weikko A. Heiskanen and Helmut Moritz. Soon this book became a bestseller. Today, when studying publications dealing with physical geodesy, not surprisingly the book is still frequently quoted. Have the clocks been stopped since then? Not at all, time has flown as fast as usual or maybe even faster - at least in someone's imagination. However, excellent quality is correlated with a long life expectation. This is the reason why "the book" still plays an important role in geodetic science and beyond.

In the last decades, nevertheless, geodesy has certainly continually developed further - on the one hand by new computational methods and ideas and on the other hand by modern measurement techniques. This is where the story of this book starts.

Geological structures are three dimensional, yet are typically represented by, and interpreted from, outcrop maps and structure contour maps, both of which are curved two-dimensional surfaces. Maps plus serial sections, called 2½-D, provide a closer approach to three dimensionality. Computer technology now makes it possible for geological interpretations to be developed from the beginning in a fully three dimensional environment. Fully 3-D geological models allow significantly better interpretations and interpretations that are much easier to share with other geologists and with the general public. This book provides an overview of techniques for constructing structural interpretations in 2-D, 2½-D and 3-D environments; for interpolating between and extrapolating beyond the control points; and for validating the final interpretation. The underlying philosophy is that structures are three-dimensional solid bodies and that data from throughout the structure, whether in 2-D or 3-D format, should be integrated into an internally consistent 3-D interpretation.

The contributions of this book arose from a conference on "Mineralogy and analytics of highpurity Si02 raw materials" held in June 2011 in Freiberg, Germany. The 15 chapters are written by international experts and reflect the state of the art in the field of quartz and silica raw materials. The book covers the broad field of Si02 minerals and rocks and shows the progress made during the last decades in the evaluation of deposits and the application of advanced characterization methods to study the genesis and properties of these materials.

In the broad sense the subject of this book belongs to the properties and specifics of both natural and synthetic materials of the Si02 system. The chapters are dealing mainly with the mineral quartz, which is one of the most frequent minerals of the Earth's crust and also an important raw material in the industry. Therefore, the book is addressed to graduate students and scientists in mineralogy, geology, chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, as well as to people from the industry, who are working with the processing and technical application of quartz and Si02 material.

The earth's cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and permafrost, contains about 75% of the earth's fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of its complex dynamics. This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change. This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help to better understand snow, ice and glaciers. It will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as for those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects.

This book has been written for those interested in, and concerned about, the future sources of metals for the industry, and through it for the rapidly growing population of the world. At present over 95% of the industrial metals come from mines situated on land and the exceptionally large (giant or world-class) deposits contribute the bulk, regardless of where they are located: one of the most practically relevant lessons of globalization. This role of the oversize deposits is projected to persist until at least the end of this century, but finding them is going to be increasingly more costly and will require all the sophistication and effort the exploration community could muster. This requires a solid broad knowledge to identify prospective areas for more detailed exploration, or to evaluate mineral occurrences available for acquisition, based on the time-tested technique of geological analogy. The chance of finding an orebody by accidentally stumbling upon it, or by unsophisticated prospecting, has by now been severely reduced. As mineral exploration is, and will continue to be, mainly precedent-oriented activity, there has been a need for a comprehensive text to provide essential facts about the global distribution of metals now and in the future, above the textbook level.

This is the third edition of our book Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics, revised and supplemented, including much new material responding to the progress in the theory of sound propagation and scattering in the ocean over the last 10 years. New topics are devoted mainly to such questions as the intrathermoclinc lenses and their effect on sound fields in the ocean, weakly divergent bundles of rays, ocean acoustic tomography, coupled modes, invariants of an interference pattern in a range-dependent oceanic waveguide, sound scattering by random highly anisotropic volume inhomogeneities (fluctuations of the refractive index of the sea medium) with a fractal spectrum, fractal nature of low-frequency attenuation in the underwater sound channel, small-slope approximation in treating sound scattering from the rough sea surface (Voronovich's approach), sound scattering by an air bubble near the sea surface, collective bubble behaviour, etc. Both the direct and inverse problems arc considered. Some rccent experimental data arc also added. More than 60 new references are presented. Some new references and figures arc preceded by the letter A.The book is intended for experts in acoustics and oceanology, engineers, postgraduates, and students of universities and institutes of geophysical and hydrometeorological profiles. Thus, it can be used as a scientific monograph and textbook of advanced type. The authors arc grateful to T.l. Tsyplakova for her great help in preparing the manuscript.

Geophysics, or physics modelling of geological phenomena, is as old and as established as geoscience itself. The statistical physics modelling of various geophysical phenomena, earthquake in particular, is comparatively recent. This book intends to cover these recent developments in modelling various geophysical phenomena, including the imposing classic phenomenon of earthquakes, employing various statistical physical ideas and techniques. This first book on statistical physics modelling of geophysical phenomena contains extensive reviews by almost all the leading experts in the field and should be widely useful to the graduate students and researchers in geoscience and statistical physics. It grew out of the lecture notes from a workshop on “Models of Earthquakes: Physics Approaches”, held in Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, under the auspices of its Centre for Applied Mathematics and Computational Science in December 2005. The book is divided in four parts. In the first part, tutorial materials are

My purpose in writing this book is to describe my own experiences, from my graduate student days in the 1950s to the present (2001). when I came upon phenomena or facts that did not support the prevailing ideas and theories, or even contradicted them. In some instances, the encounters began with nothing more than the naive questions I posed as a graduate student to my professors regarding a well-established fact: others were the result of questions my graduate students asked me. Essentially, this is an account of my personal encounters with some of the ideas and theories that once prevailed but were later eliminated in the history of auroral science. I believe that young researchers becoming successful as scientists depends on how they deal with new phenomena or facts that do not fit established theories. One cannot be a researcher unless he/she can encounter such a problem. This is because such ;ui encounter is the very first step for new progress. When encountering such problems, some may put the discordant facts on the shelf or sweep them under the rug. so to speak, at least for a while. Others may try hard to find a way to make new facts fit into prevailing ideas by modifying or improving them. Yet others may try to establish a new idea, scheme, or theory by adapting their findings and those of others, but abandoning the prevailing interpretation of the phenomena or facts. It has been my experience that it is the people in this last group who produce epoch-making progress in science. The choice of what to do when facing this situation is not easy and depends on many factors, lirst of all. researchers have to know where they stand at that point in the history of their scientific discipline. It is therefore crucial to have a deep historical knowledge of the background of a prevailing idea or the established interpretation of a phenomenon. To choose a course of action without knowing the background would be like starting to run in the dark without a sense of direction or of the surroundings. Unfortunately. I see too many young scientists doing just that, particularly those who believe that technological advance is everything. Often, a mentor provides the history, not necessarily in a classroom setting, but through daily interactions. I was fortunate to have a very good mentor. Sydney Chapman, who guided me during my early days.

Первое издание энциклопедии по геофизике земли было издано в 1989 издательской компанией Вана Ностранда Реинхолда. Более двадцати лет спустя, это новое издание, отредактированное профессором Харшом К. Гупта, представляет полностью пересмотренную и расширенную работу. Энциклопедия объединяет более 200 статей, охватывающих уже установленные и новые концепции геофизики из различных разделов науки, таких как геодезия, геомагнетизм, сейсмология, глубинные земные процессы, тектоника плит, вычислительные методы, и т.д. в систематическом и последовательном формате. Это авторитетный источник информации благодаря вкладу редакторов и авторов со всего света, предназначенный для нынешних и будущих поколений профессионалов.

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. We start with a fun puzzle in mathematics and mathematical methods. How many corners does a four-dimensional cube have? Does such a thing exist, you ask? You may be a geoscientist or a philosopher.