Geochemistry is a frequently used term in geological studies that defines a discipline which has developed in importance over the past 40 years. The meaning of this term and the substance of the discipline is the relationship between the chemical properties of elements found in the geological sphere and their expression as minerals or other phases found in rocks. Essentially the elements that are the most common and abundant in surface materials are limited in number, such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Si, and Fe (called the major elements) with concentrations of elements such as Mn, P, S, C, Cl present in smaller amounts and considered as minor elements. The elements of industrial importance, such as the transition metals Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Ti, and Au, among others, are of yet lesser abundance in rocks and most often occur as inclusions in phases dominated by major elements or as isolated concentrations due to special geological conditions. Other elements of low overall abundance in rocks such as As, Sb, and Sn are more difficult to classify in that their occurrence is limited to small and sporadic concentrations in rocks. In the classical geological chemical framework the elements found as gases in the atmosphere such as Ar, N, Ne, He, and others are little present. Some atmospheric elements such as C and O are present in both the realm of geological occurrence and the sphere of the surface atmosphere. Geochemistry is the study of the occurrence and reasons for these occurrences of different elements.

The exact age of the earth is not known, but it is thought to be at least 4.5 billion years old Rocks and fossils (the remains of plants and animals preserved in the rocks) can be dated by measuring the decay rate of radioactive material that they contain. The number of radioactive particles given off by a substance during a certain time period provides a surprisingly accurate estimate of the age of the substance. The geologic past is measured by means of a geologic time chart. Each interval of time has been given a name so that a particular time in the past can be referred to more easily. Periods in history are referred to in terms such as “the ice age” “the iron age” and “the atomic age”. These time periods are measured in centuries or millennia at most. Intervals of geologic time, by contrast are measured in millions of years. For example, the dinosaurs became extinct about 70 million years ago. Another way to express it is “dinosaurs died at the end of the Cretaceous period.” <...>

Like the world famous science fiction adventure films Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, the Gyeongnam Goseong Dinosaur World Expo and International Dinosaur Symposium has attracted a vast number of people. This Expo is held every three years at the world famous Goseong Dinosaur Track Site in Korea.

The Fourth Gyeongnam Goseong Dinosaur World Expo, held in 2016, attracted over 1.5 million visitors, including several tens of thousands of foreigners. In addition, millions of students have learned about the dinosaurs of Korea through their being introduced in elementary school, middle school, and high school science textbooks. <...>

Contaminant Geochemistry: Interactions and Transport in the Subsurface Environment combines the earth science fields of subsurface hydrology and environmental geochemistry and aims to provide a comprehensive background for students and researchers interested in protection and sustainable management of the subsurface environment. This book focuses on the upper part of the earth’s crust, covering the region between the land surface and the groundwater zone; anthropogenic contamination occurs primarily in this well-defined geosystem <...>

Acoustic logging relies on the analysis of seismic waves generated and recorded within a borehole. These waves provide information about the borehole, the surrounding formation, and the casing and cement of a cased hole. Since the early days, when a single source and single receiver were used, acoustic logging has advanced into a sophisticated system with a broad spectrum of applications aimed at obtaining information about the borehole and the surrounding medium. Many advanced technologies developed in recent years have improved our ability to extract additional information from acoustic logging. Among them is acoustic logging-while-drilling, in which real-time data are acquired in vertical, deviated, or horizontal wells while drilling. Another newly developed technology is borehole acoustic reflection imaging, which has the capability to delineate geological structures as far as 10–20 m away from the borehole. Other developments include high-tech sonic/ultrasonic methods, which can be employed to evaluate the condition of the cement bond in cased holes. In short, acoustic logging has grown into an extensive field with advanced applications. However, the most recent books concerning acoustic well logging were published more than 16 years ago (Paillet and Cheng 1991; Tang and Cheng 2004) and do not cover all of these newly developed technologies. To mitigate this gap in books, this book provides an in-depth review of acoustic logging using extensive numerical modeling examples of waves in and around a borehole to help visualize and understand the waveforms resulting from complicated boreholes and measurement geometries <...>

Few fields within the earth sciences have grown as rapidly or had as great an impact as geochemistry. The impact of geochemistry has been vast and greatly influenced our understanding of virtually every aspect of this planet, its neighbors, and the life that makes it so unique.

The Barmer basin in Rajasthan (India) is a narrow, failed, continental rift basin with uplifted rift shoulders exposed along its E and W margins. The basin trends NNW and comprises of thick Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments. Its tectonic evolution is somewhat linked to other Mesozoic and/or Tertiary basins of NW segment of Rajasthan, India. The Barmer basin comprises of thick sedimentary sequence from Jurassic to recent overlying the Malani Igneous Suite. Structural field studies (Dasgupta and Mukherjee, 2017) along the rift margins helped in deciphering the two-phases (NW-SE followed by NE-SW) of extension through brittle shear tectonics. Field studies further identified: (1) structural inheritance of NNW trending fractures of older Malani basement rocks in the NW trending rift faults, (2) role of transfer zones (Dasgupta and Mukherjee 2019, Dasgupta and Maitra 2018, Dasgupta 2018) in rift fault propagation. Near NE trending mega-scale transfer zones have been documented along the Fatehgarh fault trend in N margin of the Barmer basin. See Bladon et al. (2015), Dolson et al. (2015), Dasgupta and Mukherjee (2017), Dasgupta and Mukherjee (2019) and Sharma (2007). for recent understanding on the tectonic of the Barmer region and its surroundings.
Vide Passchier and Trouw (2005), Mukherjee (2011a, 2012, 2013, 2015), Mukherjee and Koyi (2010a, b) etc. for shear sense indicators.

Tectonics and structural geology of Indian terrain is of great interest to the Government and a number of private exploration agencies that are working presently. This edited volume aims to meet this requirement. In addition, B.Sc. and M. Sc. geoscience students undergoing geohistory and/or tectonic courses would benefit using this book.
This edited volume brings 16 research papers (Chaps. 2–17) from both academia and industry.
Mukherjee et al. (2019) in Chap. 2 present an exhaustive review on the geology and the geochronology and of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC).
They classify the CGGC into three domains, and also comment on the India-Antarctica reconstruction. <...>

This introduction chapter of the book provides a summary of its nine key chapters. Structural geology and tectonics has progressively become more quantitative. To keep the pace, instructors of these subjects need to upgrade their teaching contents. This book presents issues related to (i) evaluation system of students using the peers, (ii) use of new instruments in measuring structural data from rocks, (iii) paleomagnetic studies in tectonics, (iv) sub-surface structural interpretations required in industries, (v) field studies in structural geology, (vi) interdisciplinary aspects of structural geology, (vii) teaching structural geology and tectonics in Indian context, (viii) conducting practical classes in structural geology with map interpretations and (ix) and simple geomechanical problems and solutions. <...>

The first chapter of the book provides some essential historical background to the modern story of sequence stratigraphy. The history of the study of stratigraphy includes two parallel but largely independent strands of research that have been underway since at least the early twentieth century. They are characterized by some profound differences in underlying principles, references and research methods, one research method being essentially empirical and inductive in approach, while another groups of researchers has attempted to develop deductive, theoretical models for understanding Earth history. Chapter 1 is based largely on four papers which explored this history (Miall and Miall, 2001, 2002, 2004; Miall, 2004). It is to be hoped that readers will not skip this chapter, because experience suggests that students of geology do not learn enough about the history, philosophy, or methodology of their science.<...>