This course is an introduction to some of the balkanized family of techniques and philosophies that reside under the umbrella of inverse theory. In this section we present the central threads that bind all of these singular items together in a harmonious whole. That's impossible of course, but what we will do is provide a point of view that, while it will break from time-to-time, is good enough to be going on with. The goal of this chapter is to introduce a real inverse problem and explore some of the issues that arise in a non-technical way. Later, we explore the resulting complications in greater depth <...>

Many contemporary problems faced by Earth sciences and society are complex, for example, climate change, disaster risk, energy and water security, and preservation of oceans. Studies of these challenges require an interdisciplinary approach and common knowledge. This book contributes to closing the gap between Earth science disciplines and assists in utilisation of the growing amount of data from observations and experiments using modern techniques on data assimilation and inversions developed within the same/another discipline or across the disciplines. <...>

This work is the result of contributions from 52 active researchers in geophysics, astrophysics and astronomy. We have followed a philosophy of directness and simplicity, while still allowing contributors flexibility to expand in their own areas of expertise. They are cited in the contributors’ list, but I take this opportunity to thank the contributors for their efforts and their patience. The subject areas of this dictionary at the time of this writing are among the most active of the physical sciences. Astrophysics and astronomy are enjoying a new golden era, with remarkable observations in new wave bands (γ -rays, X-rays, infrared, radio) and in new fields: neutrino and (soon) gravitational wave astronomy.

The theme of this book is the study of basaltic volcanism as a stage in planetary evolution: to use the eruption of lava from the interior of a planet as evidence of the thermal and chemical processes of the planet. All lavas extruded on a planet’s surface can provide information about events in the interior. From a petrologic point of view, however, it is the more primitive lavas, which rise to the surface of a planet with minimal changes, that can provide the most information about the interior. In general, these more primitive lavas are basalts and so in Chapter 1 our sampling has concentrated on basaltic rocks.

The field of ultrasonics is a branch of acoustics dealing with frequencies generally beyond the audible limit. As such, the application of the principles of classical acoustics serves equally well in the audible and ultrasonic regimes. However, as noted by Hubbard (1940), “While it is a logical extension of well-known principles, its growth has been signalized by the discovery of phenomena peculiar to the new ranges of frequency.” It is the research, development and use of the “peculiar phenomena” that has created the very broad field of ultrasonics. The objective of this work will be to review the history of that field. <...>

Paleomagnetic data are useful in many applications in Earth Science from determining paleocurrent directions to analyzing the long-term behavior of the geomagnetic field. Despite the diversity of applications, the techniques required to obtain and analyze the data are similar. This book attempts to draw together the various principles and practices within paleomagnetism in a consistent and up-to-date manner. It was written for several categories of readers:
1)    for Earth Scientists who use paleomagnetic data in their' research,
2)    for students taking a class with paleomagnetic content, and
3)    for other professionals with an interest in paleomagnetic data. <...>

В монографии рассматривается теория обратных задач и методов их решения применительно к проблемам разведочной геофизики. В книге дается подробное изложение методов регуляризации обратных задач. Рассматриваются методы решения обратных задач геотермики, гравиметрии. электроразведки и геоэлектрики.
Для специалистов в области геофизических методов разведки и математических методов решения обратных задач. Книга будет полезна студентам и аспирантам, специализирующимся на решении обратных задач и их применении в разведочной геофизике.

Шельф морей Российской Арктики обладает значительными запасами полезных ископаемых и представляет интерес для ученых и специалистов многих стран. Арктический шельф России — самый широкий и самый мелководный на планете. Это способствовало сохранению на шельфе многолетнемерзлых пород, образовавшихся при суровом климате в прошлом. Последующие изменения среды способствовали деградации многолетнемерзлых пород, увеличению эмиссии метана из морских осадков, что приводит к увеличению парникового эффекта и глобальным последствиям.

This book is rather broad in that it covers many disciplines regarding both mathematical tools (algebra, calculus, statistics) and application areas (airborne, automotive, communication and standard signal processing and automatic control applications). The book covers all the theory an applied engineer or researcher can ask for: from algorithms with complete derivations, their properties to implementation aspects.