Many problems in engineering geology are fundamentally problems in three dimensional geometry. Spherical projection is a time t€sted technique by means of which complex and arbitrary orientation problems can be solved manually with relative ease. ln spite of rapid developmens in computing hardware, no analytical software has been created which seems capable of adequately replacing spherical projectioo techniques. Therefore, maDy attempts have been made to computerize ihis method. The majority of these attemPts have resulted in programs which are static and inllexible in nature. DIPS, a program which was developed as the main compoDent of this wor! duplicates, on the comPuter, the flexibility, graphical visualization potential and interactive nature of the original spherical projection tecbniques
With the title Engineering Rock Mechanics, what is this book about? It is about the discipline, based on mechanics, which is used to design structures built on or in rock masses. These structures, which encompass building foundations, dams, rock slopes, tunnel, caverns, hydroelectric schemes, mines, etc., depend critically on the rock mass properties and the interaction between the rock mass and the engineered structure. As a result, the distinct discipline of engineering rock mechanics has developed. The term ’rock mechanics’ refers to the basic science of mechanics applied to rocks; whilst the term ’rock engineering’ refers to any engineering activity involving rocks. Thus, the term ’engineering rock mechanics’ refers to the use of rock mechanics in rock engineering-within the context of civil, mining and petroleum enpeering. Because rock mechanics can also be used to study structural geology, we emphasize through the title that it is the rock mechanics principles in the engineering context that we are presenting <...>
Der Begriff der Gewölbten Staumauern schließt eine große Formenreihe von Staumauertypen in sich (15.613), deren Gemeinsames es ist, daß ihre statische Funktion ganz oder vorwiegend auf Gewölbewirkung beruht. Die von Schnitter (1987 b) erstellte Talsperrenstatistik weist aus, daß in den Jahren 1950 bis 1959 der Anteil der Bogenmauern an den 100 bis 149 m hohen Talsperren 46%, an den 150 bis 199 m hohen Absperrbauwerken 75 % und an den über 200 m hohen Absperrbauwerken 100 % ausmachte. Die Prozentanteile sind jedoch in der Periode von 1980 bis 1989 auf 11 % bei den 100 bis 149 m hohen, auf 19% bei den 150 bis 199 m hohen und auf 36% bei den über 200 m hohen Talsperren abgesunken. In Ländern, in denen die Geländeformen, insbesondere die Querschnittform der Täler, diesem Staumauertyp entgegenkommen und welche zugleich über eine hochentwickelte Talsperrentechnik und Ingenieurgeologie verfügen, sind bis zu 50% aller Talsperren von mehr als 15 m Höhe Gewölbte Mauern. <...>
Readers will undoubtedly recognize the similarity of this book to Rock Slope Engineering by Dr Evert Hoek and Dr John Bray. We hope the following discussion of the origin and evolution of the current book will help to demonstrate the relationship between the two. Rock Slope Engineering was published in three editions (1974, 1977 and 1981) by the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in London. The original research for the book at the University of London was sponsored by the mining industry in response to a need to develop design methods for increasingly deep open pits. The 1960s and 1970s had seen the development of a new generation of high production drills, shovels and trucks that made low grade ore deposits economical to mine, and there was a consequent significant increase in the size of open pits. The investigation and design techniques originally developed in Rock Slope Engineering for mines were soon adopted in civil engineering where the slopes’ heights are usually less than those in open pits, but there is a need for a high level of reliability in terms of both rock falls and overall stability. In response to the demand for a book that clearly presents well-proven methods to design rock slopes, Hoek and Bray’s book has continued to sell steadily around the world, and has been translated into a number of languages <...>
There are two reasons why it is important to understand and use engineering rock mechanics units correctly: engineering rock mechanics calculations used for rock engineering design should be numerically correct; and to use engineering rock mechanics properly, an understanding of units is necessary. We have used standard symbols and the SI (International System) of units. There are seven base units in the SI system: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity. These base units are dimensionally independent. <...>
We tend to think of rock engineering as a modern discipline and yet, as early as 1773, Coulomb included results of tests on rocks from Bordeaux in a paper read before the French Academy in Paris (Coulomb, 1776, Heyman, 1972). French engineers started construction of the Panama Canal in 1884 and this task was taken over by the US Army Corps of Engineers in 1908. In the half century between 1910 and 1964, 60 slides were recorded in cuts along the canal and, although these slides were not analysed in rock mechanics terms, recent work by the US Corps of Engineers (Lutton et al, 1979) shows that these slides were predominantly controlled by structural discontinuities and that modern rock mechanics concepts are fully applicable to the analysis of these failures. In discussing the Panama Canal slides in his Presidential Address to the first international conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in 1936, Karl Terzaghi (Terzaghi, 1936, Terzaghi and Voight, 1979) said ‘The catastrophic descent of the slopes of the deepest cut of the Panama Canal issued a warning that we were overstepping the limits of our ability to predict the consequences of our actions ....’. <...>
На основе системного подхода разработана методика анализа составляющих тектонических напряжений и деформаций, связанных с действием разных факторов, имеющих различную природу и длительность действия, описана новая методика реконструкции полей тектонических напряжений, различных уравнений: от минеральных зерен до регионов. Для специалистов, занимающихся геодинамикой, инженерной геологией, сейсмотектоникой, сейсмологией, тектонодинамикой, бурением скважин, анализом горных ударов.
Рассмотрены основные особенности трещин горных пород, по которым происходят обрушения скальных откосов в выемках различного назначения, методы исследования трещиноватости для прогноза устойчивости незакрепленных откосов в выемках. Подробно описаны аналитические и графические приемы оценки устойчивости откосов в скальных выемках. Приведены примеры прогнозов и результаты сравнения вычисленных параметров откосов с параметрами откосов, выполненных в натуре. Для инженеров-геологов и проектировщиков, работающих в области дорожного, промышленного, гражданского и гидротехнического строительства.
В книге освещены основные вопросы статики сыпучих тел применительно к грунтам, зерну, цементу и другим материалам. Рассмотрены свойства сыпучих тел и их напряженное состояние, расчет оснований сооружений на прочность и откосов на устойчивость, определение давления сыпучего тела на подпорные стены, на стенки хранилищ и на заглубленные сооружения, а также другие вопросы. Для облегчения практических расчетов приведены вспомогательные таблицы и графики, а также числовые примеры. Книга предназначена для инженерно-технических работников в качестве пособия по проектированию различных сооружений, взаимодействующих с грунтами и другими сыпучими телами. Она будет также полезна для научных работников, аспирантов и студентов.
Это руководство создано для того, чтобы показать как быстро создавать модели на подобие той, что показана на четвертой странице. Вы сможете обучиться быстро и легко создавать и анализировать модели в Slide. Итоговый файл сохраняется следующим образом: Tutorial 01 Quick Start.slmd. Все файлы по Slide 2018 представлены в главном меню Slide "Файл (File) > Последние папки (Recent Folders) > Папка учебники (Tutorials Folder)". <...>
