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The Tenth International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN16) was held in Seattle, Washington, USAfromMay 22-25,2016 and organized by TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society). The conference purpose was to provide an opportunity for scientists and engineers to share their new research findings, innovations, and industrial technological developments. The conference also aligns quite well with the TMS strategic goal to sustain and grow the core innovation in process engineering and to develop novel materials. The organizers are pleased to conclude that the set strategic goals were met and a very high-quality technical program with the participation of expert researchers in the field was held. <...>
The Global Optimiser used by Whittle Consulting has gone through three major versions to date. The first was based on the Milawa optimisation algorithm; it worked, but had many shortcomings. The second, known internally as ProberA, had a different approach to optimisation in that it used a series of random starting points and found the nearest local NPV maximum to each.
The second volume of this series consists of three parts. Part I focuses on the research on intracrystalline reactions. This work, which began nearly two decades ago, is critically reviewed by Ghose and Ganguly in Chapter 1. Besides the review, the authors include some of their previously unpublished work to demonstrate how future research could aid in obtaining data on thermodynamics of solid solutions and in understanding the cooling history of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The latter is also the theme adopted by Kretz in the second chapter, which examines the redistribution of Fe and Mg in coexisting silicates during cooling. Chapter 3 contains new data on Fe-Mg distribution in clinopyroxenes. Dal Negro and his co-authors have selected a series of clinopyroxenes from volcanic rocks and present site occupancy data on several clinopyroxenes of intermediate compositions. The data set has not been published before and is the first of its kind.
It is very common to find that in mineral synthesis experiments the crystals that form first have disordered cations, even when the synthesis conditions are well within the stability field of the ordered state. Some examples are the crystallization of albite from glass starting material (MacKenzie, 1957) or a flux (Woensdregt, 1983), cordierite from glass (Schreyer and Schairer, 1961; Putnis, 1980a), and plagioclase from glass (Eberhard, 1967; Kroll and Muller, 1980).
Stromatolites are the most intriguing geobiological structures of the entire history of the earth since the early beginning of the fossil record in the Archaean. Traditionally, stromatolites and related microbial sediments are interpreted as biosedimentological remains of biofilms and microbial mats. Stromatolites are important environmental and evolutionary archives that give us plenty of information about ancient habitats, biodiversity, evolution of complex benthic biosystems, and generally of Global Change. However, many aspects of the formation, biology, and geobiology of these structures are still cryptic and poorly understood. <...>
Drilling is a process of penetrating solid objects by creating holes using various tools or approaches. When applying rotation to create a hole, the bit has a circular cross section and the produced bore-hole has a round shape. Alternatively, percussive or hammering drills can create non-round bore-holes. Mechanisms of penetrating objects and formations, i.e., drills, are widely used for many applications including making holes, sampling, exploration, and excavation (Bar-Cohen and Zacny, 2009; Clark, 1987; Hossain and Al-Majed, 2015; Rollins, 2010; Zacny et al., 2008). While the field is quite well established, there are still many challenges including operation at extreme conditions as well as drilling extremely hard materials. Drilling on other extraterrestrial bodies also poses significant challenges resulting from the limited resources that are available and the difficult conditions involved. The earliest successful planetary drilling was performed on the moon in 1970 by the Soviets’ robotic Luna 16 lander (Bar Cohen and Zacny, 2009). In recent years, missions have been increasingly launched to drill on Mars and penetrate the surfaces of other extraterrestrial bodies. <...>
This volume organise presentations given by leading international researchers at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the state-of-the-art of geological storage of CO 2. The book is divided into 5 parts. Part 1 provides background by describing how human activities are modifying the atmosphere in industrially-active areas in Siberia. Part 2 outlines the innovative idea of using deep permafrost layers as either impermeable boundaries below which CO2 can be injected or as a cooling source for the formation CO2 clathrates. Part 3 describes recent studies conducted on naturally occurring CO2 reservoirs, sites which have the potential to help us understand the possible long-term evolution of CO2 storage sites. Part 4 outlines various industrial-scale applications of CO2 geological storage and shows it to be technically practical, economically feasible and, to date, very safe. Finally Part 5 gives us a view of the future, showing how energy uses are predicted to change over the next 50 years and how the public must be involved in any future decisions regarding climate change abatement.
This volume contains the lectures presented at the NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE that took place at Newark, Delaware, U.S.A., July 14-23, 1985. The objective of this meeting was to present and discuss selected topics associated with transport phenomena in porous media. By their very nature, porous media and phenomena of transport of extensive quantities that take place in them, are very complex. The solid matrix may be rigid, or deformable (elastically, or following some other constitutive relation), the void space may be occupied by one or more fluid phases. Each fluid phase may be composed of more than one component, with the various components capable of interacting among themselves and/or with the solid matrix. The transport process may be isothermal or non-isothermal, with or without phase changes. <...>
The digital era has caused an outstanding change in the acquisition of information concerning our planet. We are accustomed to an uninterrupted monitoring by means of satellite imagery, measurements of ground deformation in the context of geodynamical studies, seismic and geochemical data acquisition, etc. Continuous data acquisition in Earth sciences, in general, and geophysics, in particular, leads to the accumulation of a huge amount of information. Terabytes and Terabytes of data pile up in digital archives over short times. Often, we are left without a key to these archives, which turn them into “data graves,” containing precious information difficult to unearth. In addition, many geological processes are slow phenomena, the study of which comes along with the need to cover time spans as long as possible. Therefore, the necessity to “unearth” old archives becomes of paramount importance <...>
From the point of view of geomagnetism, the earth may be considered as made up of three parts: core, mantle and crust (Figure 1.1). Convection processes in the liquid part of the iron core give rise to a dipolar geomagnetic field that resembles that of a large bar-magnet aligned approximately along the earth's axis of rotation (Figure 1.2). The mantle plays little part in the earth's magnetism, while interaction of the (past and present) geomagnetic field with the rocks of the Earth's crust produces the magnetic anomalies recorded in detailed (e.g. aeromagnetic) surveys carried out close to the earth's surface.
