The late Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, who had long been interested in marine ecology and paleoecology, in 1940 planned and organized a Subcommittee on the Ecology of Marine Organisms as a part of the Committee on Geologic Research (Norman L. Bowen, Chairman) in the Division of Geology and Geography of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. The members of this Subcommittee were:

Slope movements are expected at the Bingham Canyon Mine due to the challenging slope angles mined to minimise strip ratios and maximise ore recovery. Trigger action response plans (TARPs) are a critical aspect of managing these movements in a mining operation. An effective TARP must balance production while safely managing the risk of mining in areas of slope movement.

The geological maps show that Africa is almost entirely made up of basement Precambrian rocks. The only exceptions are constituted by northwestern and southern parts of the continent where narrow Phanerozoic mountains belts are stacked against the Precambrian landmass. Structurally, the Precambrian geology of Africa is grossly divided into cratons and mobile belts (Petters, 1991). The two most important cratons are the West African craton and the Congo (Zaire) craton (Fig. 1 (a,b)). Surrounding the cratons are the belts, which have been deformed or metamorphosed during the Early Palaeozoic Pan-African orogeny. Cratonic nuclei are observed in the central, northeastern and northwestern parts of the Congo (Zaire) craton. According to Cahen (1984), the African orogenic history indicates that the bulk of this craton was stabilised after an early Proterozoic orogeny. The history of the tectonic evolution of Africa is based on a collection of radiometric ages.