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Geotechnical engineering differs from other forms of engineering by the composition of ground, which is composed of a wide range of solids with discontinuities, pores fluids and structures. These different elements composing the ground interact with one another increasing the complexity of any prediction. In traditional geotechnical analysis, limit equilibrium methods (LEM) are useful techniques for estimating the onset of failure.
This book derives from the Integrated Basin Studies Project (IBS), which ran during the years 1992-1995 with the support of the European Commission DGXII. The papers produced by the IBS group have been complemented by eight papers arising from the conference 'Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen', held in Cergy-Pontoise, France, 11-13 December 1996. The title of this conference has also been retained as the title of the book. The papers included here collectively cover the majority of the Mediterranean Tertiary extensional basins, with the exception of those in the SW of the region. <...>
It is an old wisdom that metals are indispensable for life. Indeed, several of them, like sodium, potassium, and calcium, are easily discovered in living matter. However, the role of metals and their impact on life remained largely hidden until inorganic chemistry and coordination chemistry experienced a pronounced revival in the 1950s. The experimental and theoretical tools created in this period and their application to biochemical problems led to the development of the field or discipline now known as Bioinorganic Chemistry, Inorganic Biochemistry, or more recently also often addressed as Biological Inorganic Chemistry.
By 1970 Bioinorganic Chemistry was established and further promoted by the book series Metal Ions in Biological Systems founded in 1973 (edited by H.S., who was soon joined by A.S.) and published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, for more than 30 years. After this company ceased to be a family endeavor and its acquisition by another company, we decided, after having edited 44 volumes of the MIBS series (the last two together with R.K.O.S.) to launch a new and broader minded series to cover today’s needs in the Life Sciences. Therefore, the Sigels new series is entitled <...>
It is a daunting task for any geologist to understand gold genesis and to find exploration guidelines in the enormous volume of literature. From the perspective of the exploration geologist, this is worth tackling because there is still a large dichotomy when it comes to their genesis, epigenetic-structural aspects and syngenetic concepts. While the targets will not change with the model (Colvine et al., 1984), a better overall understanding will clearly aid target selection and exploration techniques <...>
The promise of the Spacefaring Age - the era of human activities in space - is that it will link human expertise to the unlimited resources of space. When that linkage is established, the people of Earth will be supplied with an abundance of energy and material resources from space; the solar system will be explored in depth; human settlements will be established on multiple planets and moons; and voyages to the stars will be undertaken. The present “closed Earth” mindset - of limits to human potential related to the depletion of Earth’s resources and the vital need to preserve Earth’s environment - will be replaced by a much grander “open space’’ vision of broad-scale human advancements based upon access to unlimited resources and the opening of endless frontiers. <...>
This paper presents new petrological and geochronological data for the ~3.09-2.92 Ga Murchison Greenstone Belt (MGB), located in South Africa’s Kaapvaal Craton, and discusses their geotectonic implications. The MGB is made of three tectono-metamorphic units: the Silwana Amphibolites, the Murchison Unit and the La France Formation. They underwent contrasting clockwise pressure temperature-deformation (P-T-D) histories, and are separated from each other by relatively narrow, high strain shear zones, with a sinistral, transpressive top-to-the-south movement, consistent with the deformation patterns observed throughout the belt.
The National Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Code of Türkiye (the UMREK Code) designates the minimum standards, recommendations, legal requirements and practice principles for reporting Exploration Targets, Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves within the Republic of Türkiye with the purpose of adequately informing investors and other stakeholders. This Code is related to the public reporting related to Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves required by BİST, BDDK and SPK (see the list of acronyms in Appendix 12).
Unprecedented population increases have occurred since World War II. mostly in those countries with low agricultural productivity and low per capita incomes. Population growth coupled with rising energy costs and worldwide inflation has taxed the ability of farmers to meet human food requirements. In fact, in some areas. such as sub-Saharan Africa. the per capita food production has actually declined in the past decade.
Geomorphological literature has now become so voluminous that it may seem impractical for an individual writer to attempt to encapsulate it all. Indeed, in the last ten years, the geomorphological market stall has been increasingly stocked with a range of specialized hybrids and a wealth of produce from academic communes involving several workers. However, if the individual student is to be expected to comprehend the scope of geomorphology, clearly it is only fair to expect that a sufficient overview must be within the grasp of the individual writer. Thus, the very reason that cautions against the present exercise is equally its main justification. Ideally, the advantage could be greater cohesion in scope, balance in format and evenness in level of treatment. Therefore, since each of these three aspects stems from different sources in the present blend, some brief introduction to its scope, format and level of treatment is required <...>
This book would not have been written were it not for the everlasting patience of my dear wife Ramona, who tolerated my long-lasting mental absence when working behind the microscope or the connected computer and for tirelessly assisting me with data compilation. Our son Andre also took part in the data gathering, for which I am quite thankful. Many polished sections had not been looked after for decades and D. Lange (FU Berlin) provided much needed help in upgrading severely oxidised samples.
Since it is very difficult to gather the vast amount of different ore minerals included in this atlas, I am very much indepted to a number of colleagues, who provided many uncommon samples. In particular, the use of Ramdohr's famous research collection, now held at the Mineralogy Department of Heidelberg University, as well as the samples from the BGR and the private collection of T. Witzke proved to be valuable sources for many specimens. All published photo contributions are thankfully referenced below and cited in the text with the respective abbreviation in square brackets
