В книге приведены и аналитически рассмотрены фактические данные о структурах литосферы континентов и океанов (геология, геофизика, космогония), полученные за несколько столетий, на базе которых сформировался современный мобилизм. Сопоставлены по отдельным этапам важнейшие теоретические обобщения и гипотезы, направленные на выяснение механизмов и глобальных геодинамических причин структурообразования в литосфере. Сделан прогноз дальнейшего развития мобилизма
В книге известных геофизиков из США впервые рассматриваются вопросы количественного расчета относительных движений плит, анализ абсолютных движений и движущий механизм тектоники плит. Ясно и доступно излагаются все методы, используемые при плитотектоническом анализе. Рассматриваются геометрия плит, векторы их движения и использование палеомагнитных данных для определения поворота одного блока относительно другого. Несмотря на простоту изложения и минимальное привлечение математического аппарата, книга написана на высоком научном уровне и отвечает современному состоянию знаний по тектонике плит. Для геофизиков и геологов всех специальностей. Может быть использована как учебное пособие в геологических вузах.
Martin Casey, who died on the 10 June 2008 after a short illness, was a structural geologist of world renown. He led numerical approaches to understanding rock deformation and the development of tectonic structures, pioneering the quantitative analysis of rock fabrics, textures and folds. These researches now underpin diverse areas of geology, such as quantifying the strength of rocks in the crust which leads to calibrations of the seismic properties of the minerals in continents and the prediction of the fine-scale structure of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This Special Publication is dedicated to his memory not only for his fundamental contribution to science but also as a mentor, colleague and friend. <...>
It is my great pleasure to introduce this volume dedicated to my long-standing colleague and friend, Henk Zwart; the more so since I missed the opportunity of addressing him on the occasion of his retirement from the chair of structural and applied geology in the State University at Utrecht in 1988.
This volume is derived from the 13th meeting on Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics (DRT2003). The meeting was held in St Malo (Brittany, France) in April 2003, and organized by an informal group from Gdosciences Rennes (UMR 6118 CNRS, Rennes University), including Michel Ballbvre, St6phane Bonnet, Arlette Falaise, Olivier Galland, Fr6d6ric Gueydan, Charles Gumiaux, Benjamin Le Bayon, Alain-Herv6 Le Gall, Monique Le Moigne, Sylvie Schueller, and C61ine Tirel. It was sponsored by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Rennes University, the ity of Rennes, the Conseil G6n6ral d'Ille et Vilaine, and the R6gion Bretagne. Forty-eight reviewers have worked hard to improve the papers. We thank these persons and institutions for their contributions.
The nature of petrologic and structural properties and processes that characterize the middle and lower continental crust is a long-standing problem in the earth sciences. During the past several decades signifi cant progress has been made on this fundamental problem by synthesizing deep-crustal seismic-refl ection imaging, laboratory-based seismic-velocity determinations, xenolith studies, and detailed geologic studies of exposed crustal cross sections. Geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of crustal sections provide a crustal-scale context for a variety of important problems in the earth sciences. Crustal sections are widely used to evaluate crustal composition and petrogenesis, including lateral and vertical variations in rock types. Evidence from deep levels of crustal sections suggests seismic shear-wave anisotropy and seismic lamination result from widespread subhorizontal contacts, shear zones, and transposition fabrics, and in some sections from metamorphosed m- to km-thick, intraplated and/or underplated mafi c magmatic sheets and plutons. Crustal sections also facilitate the evaluation of crustal rheology in natural settings from regional to outcrop scale. Magmatism, metamorphism, partial melting, and relatively small lithological differences control rheology, localize strain, and lead to markedly heterogeneous deformation over a wide range of crustal levels. Finally, crustal sections provide unique views of the architecture and deformation patterns of fault zones in the deep crust. <...>
At first glance, coastal tectonics is as redundant a category as inland tectonics, for the shoreline does not necessarily coincide with a distinctive geodynamic environment. What prompted the international conference on the subject that led to this book was the Editors' conviction that coasts favour the study of active tectonics (a) by providing a reference datum- namely sea level- against which deformation can be measured and (b) by supplying datable material and environmental clues with which the progress of deformation can be traced <...>
Книга проф. М.М. Тетяева дает изложение основ геотектоники как специальной отрасли геологического познания. После критического обзора истории геологических воззрений автор выделяет четыре основных формы геотектонического процесса — колебательную, складчатую, макроколебаний и магматическую, давая для каждой из них морфологическую характеристику, условия и время их проявления в истории развития Земли и их региональное распределение.
Важные аспекты геологической петрологии — пространственная и временная связь тектоники и магматизма, типы родоначальных магм, природа магматических формаций — исследованы методом геометрического моделирования. Сущность метода — выделение среди многообразия тектонических и магматических объектов, явлений и процессов однопорядко-вых классов исходя из их структурно-вещественной сложности и пространственно-временного масштаба.
As is well known, the study of tectonics, the branch of geology dealing with large-scale Earth structures and their deformation, experienced a major breakthrough in the 1960s with the formulation of plate tectonics. The simultaneous confi rmation of sea fl oor spreading and continental drift, together with the recognition of transform faults and subduction zones, derived from the interpretation of new and improved data from the fi elds of marine geology and geophysics, and earthquake seismology. By 1970 the essentials of plate tectonics – the extent of plates, the nature of the plate boundaries, and the geometry and kinematics of their relative and fi nite motions – were well documented.
