Even though our limited perceptions provide us with only a brief glimpse of the Universe, the main lesson that we learn from our observation is that the world is complicated. Very complicated. Every part of the universe interacts with the other parts; the responses of each component are never proportional to the applied forces, and the feedbacks of one subsystem on another cannot be discarded. As a result, processes are unpredictable, and chaotic behavior is a common occurrence. Disorder and turbulence become rife. Yet from the chaotic background, coherent structures sometimes emerge, patterns form, and local order is generated.

After every major earthquake, the Earth rings like a large bell for several days. These free oscillations of the Earth are routinely detected at modern broad-band seismographic stations, which are now distributed globally. The eigenfrequencies and decay rates of the vibrations can be measured and used to constrain the radial and lateral distribution of density, seismic wave speed and anelastic attenuation within the interior.

Сборник представляет собой материалы XXXV молодежной научной школы-конференции, посвященной памяти члена-корреспондента АН СССР К.О. Кратца и академика РАН Ф.П. Митрофанова. Он объединяет работы молодых ученых из академических, образовательных и производственных учреждений Апатитов, Воронежа, Казани, Москвы, Петрозаводска, Санкт-Петербурга, Сыктывкара, Томска. 
В сборнике отражены результаты исследований в области геологии, петрологии, геохимии, геохронологии, минералогии и геофизики. Обширный раздел посвящен проблемам геоэкологии Северной и Арктической зон. Публикация рассчитана на широкий круг студентов, аспирантов и специалистов в области геологии, геофизики и геоэкологии

CONTENTS
SECTION 1: SEISMICITY AND TECTONICS IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Geotectonics and Earthquake Risks in Jordan Y.M. Masannat
Seismic Hazard in the Eastern Mediterranean M. 0. Erdik, V. Doyuran
Space-Time Migration of Shallow Earthquakes in Eurasia and Implications for Earthquake Prediction K. Radinsky-Cade, M.N. Toksoz and A. A. Barka
Tectonics and Earthquake Risk of Iran A. A. Nowroozi
The Seismicity of the Near East - Past and Present A. Ben-Menahem

Within the esteemed halls of the University of Oklahoma, our journey into the depths of seismic interpretation began an endeavor that has since blossomed into a comprehensive exploration of fault damage zones through the lens of seismic attributes. Under the guidance of Prof. Kurt J. Marfurt and with the invaluable insights of Prof. Ze’ev Reches, we embarked on a project that not only sought to characterize the strike-slip fault in the Anadarko Basin but also to lay the groundwork for a methodical, quantitative analysis of subsurface structures—a task that was both ambitious and pioneering in 2010. 

The percentage composition of the subject matter of this revised edition is approximately the same as that for the first, but the number of chapters has increased significantly. This necessitated the publication of a companion volume. In addition to dealing with various geophysical exploration methods, it adds and emphasizes the use of radiometric methods to explore for hard minerals found in sediments on and beneath the ocean floor.

My first experience in applying borehole geophysics to the environmental field was in 1960 at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL); however, I started working with geophysical logs in 1953. In Idaho we were able to map a complex aquifer system and the distribution of plumes of waste from injection wells and ponds. One of the earliest applications of neutron moisture logs to locate waste migrating above the water table and of gamma-spectral logs to identify migrating radioisotopes was at the INEL. While at the INEL I was involved in the recovery operations and investigations at the SL-1 reactor.

Full-3D seismic waveform inversion (F3DWI) refers to inversions that seek to minimize the discrepancies between the observed and synthetic seismic waveforms, wiggle for wiggle, by solving the three-dimensional acoustic or (visco) elastic wave equations. Its development is important both for the theoretical foundations of modern quantitative seismology and for the practical applications of seismological methods in exploring the Earth’s interior.

The history of the practice of earthquake geology extends more than a century into the past, but it is still only a fledgling field as a modern discipline. In fact, most of what we know has been learned only in the past quarter century. And so it is not surprising that this textbook is the first attempt to survey systematically the purposes, methods, and scientific principles of the geological investigation of earthquakes. Our impetus for writing this book was, in part, the frustration we felt in teaching, year after year, earthquake geology classes without the benefit of a textbook.