The approximately 1000 Mt @ 0.6% Cu, 0.3-0.4 g/t Au Majdanpek porphyry copper is the most northerly deposit within the Timok Magmatic Complex (TMC) which also hosts the exploited Bor and producing Veliki Krivelj deposits. Slightly older, but similar magmatic rocks southeast of the region host the significant porphyry-high sulphidation mineralisation at Elatsite and Chelopech in neighbouring Bulgaria. Similar porphyry deposits are also known in Romania, across the Danube river to the north of Majdanpek. The TMC igneous rocks show clear evidence of crustal contamination and thus likely relate to an eastward dipping subduction zone beneath a continental margin located to the west. Mineralisation is related to sparse and narrow north-south trending andesitic dykes dated at 83 Ma. These dykes intrude along a north-south trending fracture zone cutting Proterozoic and Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks, and Jurassic limestones. Extrusive facies of the TMC are rare at Majdanpek, although they are common farther to the south of the region. Mineralisation is typicaly developed as stockworks, the bulk of which are actually within the metamorphic aureole of the andesitic dykes. There are also numerous skarns and replacement bodies flanking the intrusives, while more distal replacement bodies are found in the Jurassic limestones. The highest copper grades relate to K-silicate alteration and zones of strong silicification. Mo grades are very low throughout the deposit, while the Cu%;Au g/t ratio is approximately 2:1. PGEs occur as minor phases accompanying the copper mineralisation and are recovered at the smelter. Significant supergene upgrading is recorded in an oxidation blanket that was 25 m thick in the north and covered the deposit.

 Three of the major copper provinces of the Tethyan metallogenic belt lie within Iran. Two of these, the southeastern and north western provinces, contain the major Sar-Cheshmeh (1.2 Gt @ 0.7% Cu, 0.03% Mo) and Sungun (500 Mt @ 0.75% Cu, 0.01% Mo) porphyry copper deposits respectively. The copper mineralisation of these provinces bears a direct relationship to the evolution and closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the collision of the Iranian and Afro-Arabian plates. All of the significant porphyry type copper deposits in Iran are associated with granitoids of the subduction-related, Eocene to Miocene age, volcanism and plutonism in the northwest-southeast oriented Central Iranian Volcano-Plutonic Belt (better known as the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc). The peak of mineralisation was during the Miocene. The Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc developed in parallel with the collisional Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt to the southwest, and the intervening Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic Zone. Although many examples of porphyry copper mineralisation are known within these provinces, potential still remains for large discoveries in several prospective districts through further studies and systematic exploration.

Two Himalayan porphyry copper-molybdenum-gold belts have been developed in the eastern part of the Himalayan-Tibet orogenic zone related to the collision between the Indian and Asian Plates. Both were accompanied by the emplacement of high-level intracontinental, alkali-rich, potassic felsic magmas which produced a huge Cenozoic belt of potassic igneous rock. The emplacement of these magmas was controlled by large-scale strike-slip fault systems, orientated roughly orthogonal to the of the Indo-Asian continental convergence, which adjusted the collisional strain. The Jomda-Markam-Xiangyun copper-molybdenum belt is the western of the two, developed along a narrow zone following the Nanqian thrust, the Jinshajiang fault system, and the Red River shear zone, whereas the eastern, the Zhongdian-Yanyuan-Yao'an porphyry copper-gold-silver belt, was developed along the western margin of the Yangtze Craton. The ore-bearing porphyries have compositions which include granite, monzogranite, and monzonite, with a small amount of quartz-syenite porphyry. They are distinguished from barren porphyries by their higher Si02 (>63 wt %), lower Y (<20 ppm) and their adakitic magma affinity. All alkali-rich porphyries are relatively enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (K, Rb and Ba) and depleted in high-field strength elements (Nb, Ta, Ti and P) with a wide range of Nb/Y ratios.

The Dexing porphyry copper field in Jiangxi, China, is defined by three porphyry copper deposits which are, from southeast to northwest, Fujiawu, Tongchang and Zhushahong respectively, and by the Guanmaoshan gold deposit which lies between Fujiawu and Tongchang. Technically, the field lies on the southeastern edge of the Jiangnan Anteclise, and is controlled by the NE-trending, deep-seated, Gandongbei fracture zone. The emplacement of the ore-bearing Fujiawu, Tongchang and Zhushahong granodiorite porphyry intrusions, dated at 184-172 Ma (Zhu et ah, 1983; Zhu et al9 1990), was also controlled by NW-trending structures. Mineralisation and alteration continued from 172 Ma to 100 Ma, and are characterised by symmetric zoning centred on the contacts between granodiorite porphyries and the enclosing country rocks of the Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group jrfryllites.

Magmatic-related porphyry copper and high-sulphidation epithermal copper-gold ore deposits are spatially and temporally clustered in arc segments that underwent crustal shortening during magmatic differentiation. In the ductile lower crust or uppermost mantle, geodynamically induced horizontal compression inhibits propagation of subvertical dykes and can keep buoyant magmas trapped in sheet-like, subhorizontal chambers. Layered ultramafic-mafic cumulates crystallise within these chambers until the regional stress regime relaxes or until further magmatic differentiation generates the buoyancy needed to overpower the stress field and permit magma ascent. In the hot lower crust or uppermost mantle, magma chambers tend to last long enough to experience multiple episodes of replenishment by primitive magma, partial mixing of arriving mafic and resident evolved melts, and fractional crystallisation of those hybrids. Over a succession of replenishment and partial-crystallisation cycles, the melt's concentration of incompatible chemical components (H20, CI, S03, etc.) follows a "sawtooth ramp-up" time series. Multi-cycle magma chambers thereby become exceptionally fertile for magmatic-hydrothermal Cu metallogeny.

Newly-recognised porphyry-style mineralisation within the Ertsberg intrusion displays significant differences from porphyry mineralisation at the Grasberg porphyry Cu-Au deposit. Stockwork mineralisation in the Ertsberg occurs near the giant East Ertsberg Skarn System, close to the northern margin of the intrusion. Stockwork mineralisation in the diorite is spatially associated with 5-15 m wide, E-striking, dykes of porphyritic hornblende monzonite that cut equigranular Ertsberg diorite. The porphyry dykes strike parallel to major district structures and occur where those structures project into the Ertsberg intrusion. Hornblende abundance greater than biotite, the much greater content of sphene, a paucity of broken phenocrysts, and the aplitic groundmass distinguish the porphyry dykes in the Ertsberg Stockwork Zone from the finer-grained groundmass Kali dykes of the Grasberg deposit.

 The Grasberg Igneous Complex (GIC) is host to one of the largest copper and gold porphyry-type ore deposits discovered on Earth. Much of the rock volume in the GIC has been pervasively altered by the infiltration of hot, magmatic fluids. In parts of the deposit, alteration destroyed all igneous phases. Petrography reveals that two zones characterise almost the entire complex at the level of the open pit mine. The 1 km-wide core of the deposit is dominated by biotite + magnetite with an inner ~500 m-wide sub-zone containing andalusite. The exterior annular zone, -500 m across, is dominated by sericite + anhydrite + pyrite with small amounts of kaolinite. Pockets of rock contain epidote with chlorite in the distal portions of the GIC.

The Grasberg Igneous Complex, which formed at ~3 Ma, is host to one of the largest copper and gold porphyry-type ore deposits discovered on Earth. This study focuses on the magmatic characteristics of the three main phases of intrusion at the level of the open pit mine: the Dalam, subdivided into the Dalam Andesite, Dalam Volcanic and Dalam Fragmental, the Main Grasberg Intrusion (MGI), and the Kali (Early and Late). A sample suite consisting of 225 polished slabs and thin sections shows all units contain plagioclase and biotite as the dominant phenocryst phases. The Dalam Andesite, MGI and Late Kali contain(ed) hornblende as well. The Late Kali and the MGI also contained minor amounts of clinopyroxene. Apatite is ubiquitous as a trace phase. Magmatic magnetite is identifiable in the Late Kali. The magmatic groundmass in the Kali, MGI, and Dalam Andesite was potassium feldspar, albitic plagioclase, quartz and biotite. A similar groundmass assemblage probably existed in the other Dalam phase rocks, but hydrothermal alteration caused complete replacement. The phenocryst assemblages record no profound changes in magma chemistry over time, but the parent chamber was probably recharged at least twice, and possibly many times.

Ordovician volcanic, volcaniclastic and intrusive rocks of calc-alkaline affinity in the Eastern Subprovince of the Lachlan Orogen were formed in the intraoceanic Macquarie Volcanic Arc. The Macquarie Arc was developed in response to west-dipping subduction along part of the boundary between eastern Gondwana and the proto-Pacific Plate and was situated on the Gondwana Plate, some 1000 km east of Precambrian continental crust. The intervening area was occupied by a back arc basin that developed on oceanic crust as the proto-PacificPlate rolled back eastwards after the Middle Cambrian Delamerian Orogeny. Subsequent extension, strike-slip translation and thin-skinned tectonics have structurally dissected the single arc into four north to NNE trending structural belts of Ordovician calc-alkaline rocks that are separated largely by younger rift basins and in part by coeval craton-derived turbidites.

Copper-molybdenum and copper-gold porphyry deposits in the Quesnel terrane occur in association with either calc-alkalic or alkalic intrusive suites respectively, emplaced within a succession of island arc volcanic rocks that are of Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic or Late Cretaceous to Eocene age. The Highland Valley porphyry district, in southern British Columbia, consists of five major copper-molybdenum deposits, Valley, Lornex, Bethlehem, Highmont and J A, located within a fifteen square kilometre area in the centre of the Guichon Creek batholith. The batholith is a Late Triassic calc-alkalic intrusion that REE data suggest was derived from either subducted oceanic crust or depleted mantle. The crystallisation age of the batholith, based on U-Pb zircon analyses, is 210 Ma. Mineralisation occurred in late magmatic and early post magmatic time. Oxide analyses suggest a single source magma but younger phases were locally injected into older due to tectonic forces. The earliest deposits occurred after separation of a fluid phase that is marked by a sharp discontinuity in the evolution path of the alkali oxides.