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Processes involved in the development of igneous and metamorphic rocks involve some combination of crystal growth, solution, movement and deformation, which is expressed as changes in texture (microstructure). Recent advances in the quantification of aspects of crystalline rock textures, such as crystal size, shape, orientation and position, have opened new avenues of research that extend and complement the more dominant chemical and isotopic studies.
The present contribution examines the relationship between pressure solution and the crystallographic orientation of detrital quartz in cleaved sandstones which exhibit a high degree of pressure solution. The majority of the detrital grains examined have undergone pressure solution and as a result they have acquired smooth truncated margins along certain cleavage planes. The amount of pressure solution varies significantly among the detrital grains. This analysis indicates that quartz offers variable resistance to pressure solution along different crystallographic directions. Quartz grains with a small angle between c-axis and the Z-axis of shortening exhibit the least amount of pressure solution, whereas grains with oaxes oriented about 50° to Z manifest the highest degree of the pressure solution.
The contributions of this book arose from a conference on "Mineralogy and analytics of highpurity Si02 raw materials" held in June 2011 in Freiberg, Germany. The 15 chapters are written by international experts and reflect the state of the art in the field of quartz and silica raw materials. The book covers the broad field of Si02 minerals and rocks and shows the progress made during the last decades in the evaluation of deposits and the application of advanced characterization methods to study the genesis and properties of these materials.
In the broad sense the subject of this book belongs to the properties and specifics of both natural and synthetic materials of the Si02 system. The chapters are dealing mainly with the mineral quartz, which is one of the most frequent minerals of the Earth's crust and also an important raw material in the industry. Therefore, the book is addressed to graduate students and scientists in mineralogy, geology, chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, as well as to people from the industry, who are working with the processing and technical application of quartz and Si02 material.
"Quaternary Glaciations- Extent and Chronology, Part II: North America", edited by Jtirgen Ehlers and Philip Gibbard is the second volume of three, covering Quaternary glaciations across the Earth. Part I covered Europe, and Part III will cover South America, Asia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica. Together these three volumes form the second publication in the Elsevier Book Series on "Developments in Quaternary Science".
The book presents proceedings of the International Conference INQUA-SEQS 2017 held in Tautavel, France. Reports concern a wide spectrum of issues connected to the study of the Quaternary Epoch (2.6 Ma) in Europe and Asia. Based on the results of local and regional Quaternary studies the authors focus on Quaternary stratigraphy and correlations across the Europe and discuss the integration of panEuropean and pan-Eurasian stratigraphical frameworks. The special attention is given to palaeontological, palaeoclimatological and palaeoenvironmental issues from the Quaternary of Europe and Asia.
Isotopic (nuclear) geology constitutes an exact, quantitative branch of the Earth sciences which has expanded rapidly to cover a wide spectrum of applications since the establishment of its basic principles by the early 1950s, in part following seminal researches by H. C. Urey, H. A. Lowenstam, S. Epstein, T. Mayeda and numerous others. This immense progress, accelerating in recent years, led to the application of isotopes in attempting to resolve a variety of geochemical and geological problems in the Earth sciences. Lunar exploration too provided rocks for analysis and their examination stimulated refinements in mass spectrometry later used for terrestrial materials as well. New geochronometric methods were devised and include those based on the radioactive decay of l47Sm to l4:tNd, l76Lu to l7f,Hf, l87Re to ,87Os and 4llK to 4(1Ca, as well as others depending upon the production and distribution of cosmogenic radionuclides such as 2(,A1, l0Be and 36C1.
This book is based on the script of a lecture course in isotope geochemistry, which is given at the University of Strasbourg, France and at the Eidgen6ssische Tech nische Hochschule (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland by Peter Stille. It is intended to be read by geologists, hydrologists, geochemists and any researchers and students from the broad fieldof environmental science. Its purpose is to enable readers to venture safely into the often mirky realms of radiogenic isotope geochemistry' applied to sedimentary and aquatic systems. The authors have strived to construct the book in such a way that it can be read and understood by those readers, especially students, who have no background in geochemistry. 7 chapters.take the reader through the rock cycle from weathering on the continent to eventual deposition in the sea, looked at largely from the perspective of radiogenic isotope geochemistry. <...>
Modern isotope geochemistry is a rapidly expanding field that has a part to play in a broad range of Earth and planetary sciences – from extra-solar-system processes to environmental geoscience. This new edition of a popular textbook is completely updated and places more emphasis on the uses of radiogenic isotopes in environmental Earth science.
Do we actually understand geologic processes? New technology brings new information and perceptions, which sometimes overturn imaginations based on simple observation and estimation, in conjunction with common sense inference. In 1902– 1904, Pierre Curie and Ernest Rutherford first formulated the idea of using radioactive transformation of nuclides as a geologic chronometer. After a century of working with such tools, geology has advanced from a descriptive science to an analytic science that formulates conclusions based on exact values. The technology of radiogenic isotope geology has created a branch of science that considers the Earth as a planet generated within a Solar system and studies the subsequent evolution of geologic processes that has resulted in the present formation of our planet’s continents and oceans.<...>
In Earth Sciences and Cultural Heritage Science we can only understand the formation of the 'objects' if they are well characterized. Optical observation, including optical microscopy, is still the primary tool and is essential in obtaining a preliminary, qualitative determination of an object, to determine the relations between it and other objects, and to place it in a general context. Most of the time, however, optical observations are insufficient. Spectroscopic methods are the second "set of eyes" used to gain greater insight into these objects and to use physical chemistry, if applicable, to derive the mechanisms of formation. Spectroscopic methods are numerous and have been described in a previous volume (6) in the EMU Notes in Mineralogy series, edited by A. Beran & E. Libowitzky (2004).
