Small children can distinguish different animal species from one another. Children encounter a wide range of plant and animal species in various ways: in illustrated books, in stories, in school, while drawing or engaged in handicrafts, and so on. From childhood on we are trained to distinguish plant and animal species from each other. But what is the situation with rocks and minerals? Rocks are simply “stones” or “rocks,” and “crystals” are understood to be simply well-formed and transparent rock crystals (quartz). We are not exposed to ways to engage with rocks to identify and classify them. That is certainly one initial disadvantage, even though children are usually fascinated by rocks. Place a small child on a gravel bank, and you will enjoy some quiet for quite a while. Geology is either not taught at all in schools, or taught very little. Since the subject matter is so complex, students (and frequently teachers) struggle to master the concepts. Even so, we are ready to face the world of rocks. <...>

The solid part of the Earth is made up of rocks. Rocks are made up of minerals. A mineral is a naturally
occurring inorganic solid. It has a specific chemical composition and a characteristic crystal structure.
Quartz is a very common mineral. Most beach sand is composed of quartz. It has the composition SiO2
and forms elongate 6-sided crystals that terminate at a point <...>

This atlas has been prepared for students of earth science, geology, mineralogy and physical geography who requ~re a text for practical classes on rocks and mInerals under the minoscope. While the book's prime purpose is as an introduction to the subject for college and university students as an essential part of their course, we hope that amateur geologists and mineralogists will also find it useful and attractrve.

The crust of the Earth is made up of rocks and soils, the latter produced by the weathering of rocks. Therefore, rocks and soils contain the same chemical elements, and their mineral composition is also similar. In addition, soils contain organic matter.
Rocks are defined as incoherent, naturally formed substances, mostly composed of minerals. They can be classified as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, depending on their origin.

В сборнике рассмотрены примеры практического и теоретического использования информатики (информационных языков и поисковых систем), а также математики (множеств, статистики) и геологии и, в частности, геокартирования, тектонике, петрографии, минералогии, палеогеографии и геоморфологии. Затронуты вопросы организации и дальнейшего совершенствования информационного анализа в геологии

Microscopic observation and identification of minerals in thin section is the most essential part of a geological study. All the students and  searchers working with rocks or sediments (petrologists, tural geologists, engineering geologist, hydrologist etc.) need to structural its mineral composition and fabric. However, many professional ists and students try to avoid thin section study. This is because geologist and students try to avoid thin section is time consuming and they do not know the preparation microscopic procedures. Many graduate students faced apporpriate section spend considerable time wondering where to start <...>

Rocks represent the overall geological materials constituting the Earth’s crust (i.e., lithosphere), which are commonly made from an aggregate of crystals of one or more minerals and/or glass. From a wide geological point of view, rocks can be either solid (e.g., granite, limestone, rock salt, and ice), fluid (e.g. sand, and volcanic ashes), liquid (i.e., bitumen, and oil), or gaseous (i.e., natural gas, and hydrothermal fluids).

В настоящей книге авторами из Института физики Земли им. О. Ю. Шмидта РАН и Физико-технического института им. А.Ф. Иоффе РАН обобщены результаты исследований, полученных на протяжении последних девяти лет в экспериментах по изучению нанокристаллов в породах, сформированных при различных термодинамических условиях. Разделы книги включают краткое описание экспериментальных методов (оптической спектроскопии и методик создания высоких давлений и температур) и результатов исследования состава поверхностных слоев горных пород: гранита, мантийного ксенолита, песчаника, доломита и порфирита. Результаты исследований показали, что образование нанокристаллов может быть причиной неустойчивости процесса динамического разрушения горных пород - подвижки с залипанием (stick-slip). Библиография включает 183 литературных источника. Материал книги может быть полезен ученым, студентам, аспирантам, интересующимся геофизикой, геодинамикой, строением земной коры и физикой разрушения горных пород.

Our planet is bursting with wonders of nature. The rocks that make up Earth’s surface hide countless surprises, from colorful minerals to glittering gemstones, and valuable metals. This book is a fascinating collection of natural treasures, along with amazing fossils and beautiful shells.

Третье совещание, посвященное новейшим методам последование минералов и горних пород, так же, как и первне два, проводится по инициативе секции петрографии Московского общества испытателей природа.
Представленные доклада охватывают широкий круг методик, направленных в основном на выявление и характеристику таких свойств минералсш и горных пород, которые отражают условия образования их в эндогенных процессах или способствуют диагностике и определению состава минералов без трудоемких химических анализов. Доклады свидетельствуют о несомненных достижениях в области внедрения новых методов в минералогические и петрологические исследования и о качественно новом подходе к изучению минералов, руд и горных пород.