The Manual was prepared as part of a programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency to publish instruction manuals on a wide range of practical topics. Its purpose is to assist in the establishment of an analytical laboratory able to perform all the basic chemical and instrumental analyses commonly used in conjunction with uranium exploration and mining and ore processing activities, including the development of hydrometallurgical processes.

Analyses of exploration and mining case studies as well as magmatic arc geothermal systems have facilitated an understanding of the implications to explorationists of the anatomy of porphyry related Au-Cu-Mo-Ag mineralising systems. Deeply eroded magmatic source rocks tend to host sub economic mineralisation, which may become focused in the highly prospective in overlying apophyses to spine-like polyphasal intrusions. Buried targets may be identified by analyses of zoned alteration and mineralisation developed by complex overprinting relationships. Mineralised fluids may exit from the magmatic source migrating to higher crustal levels to form epithermal deposits. High sulphidation epithermal Au + Cu + Ag deposits display characteristic alteration and mineralisation zonation which aids target generation and in some instances evolve to host marginal and overprinting lower sulphidation ores which display improved metallurgy and metal grades. Low sulphidation epithermal Au-Ag deposits are categorised as a number of styles, linked on an overall anatomy, which display considerable variation in metal grade, size, form and metallurgy, typically governed by setting and crustal level of formation, as well as controls to vein formation such as: host rock competency, structure, and mechanism of Au deposition. All these controls and zonation pattern vectors provide valuable tools to explorationists in the search for hidden ores.

Damaging earthquakes typically recur at intervals of centuries to millennia, but the instrumental record extends for no more than a century. To reduce the hazards from earthquakes and prepare proper mitigation plans we need a longer record of earthquakes than can be provided instrumentally. Looking for ancient earthquakes may be the key to the puzzle. We defi ne ancient earthquakes primarily as pre-instrumental earthquakes that can only be identifi ed through indirect evidence in the archaeological or geological record. While the latter is the subject of paleoseismology, the former is the subject of archaeoseismology.