Earthquakes. Forecast, prognosis and earthquake resistant construction / Землетрясения. Прогнозирование и сейсмостойкое строительство

Natural hazards are potentially damaging physical events and phenomena, which may cause the loss of life, injury or human life disruption, property damage, social, economic, and political disruption, or environmental degradation. Natural disasters cause fear and horror for people. The most unpredictable is earthquakes.  Active volcanoes are constantly monitored that gives the possibility to anticipate a possible eruption. Tsunamis have a number of predictive features that give possibility to mitigate their consequences.
There are different groups of natural hazards: geological, hydrometeorological, outer space, and biological hazards.
Disasters cause widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses. Frequency of natural disasters has been steadily increasing for the last 35 years. Munich Re registered an average number of 405 disaster events per year in 1980–1989, 650 events in the 1990s, 780 events in the period of 2000–2009, and more than 800 events in the 2010s [1]. Figure 1(a–f) shows that the total number of disasters increases, but the number of geological disasters has not been much changed for the last 30 years compared to the number of hydrometeorological and climatological events. Victims and economic damage increase drastically. <...>