Advances in high-pressure technology for geophysical applications / Достижения в области технологий высокого давления для геофизических применений

High-pressure mineral physics is a field that is strongly driven by the development of new technology. Fifty years ago, when experimentally achievable pressures were limited to just 25 GPa, little was known about the mineralogy of the Earth’s lower mantle. Silicate perovskite, the likely dominant mineral of the deep Earth, was identified only when the high-pressure techniques broke the pressure barrier of 25 GPa in the 1970s. However, as the maximum achievable pressure reached beyond 1 Megabar (100 GPa) and even to the pressure of Earth’s core on minute samples, new discoveries were increasingly fostered by the development of new analytical techniques and improvements in sensitivity and precision of existing techniques. Today, as this volume highlights, we can measure a wide range of physical and chemical properties at ever higher pressure and temperature conditions on increasingly complex samples. Over the past decade, some of the main developments in high-pressure technology have focused on integration of analytical techniques with high-pressure apparatus, and pressure cell modifications for enlarging sample volumes and generating controlled stress fields. In particular, the technological frontiers are moving rapidly as the high-pressure community has expanded its access to large-scale radiation (synchrotron and neutron) sources worldwide. The exciting new developments in the high-pressure field have drawn growing attention from scientists in geophysics and other fields. We are therefore publishing this volume which aims to collect details of selected recent developments and to serve as a technical reference and handbook for both graduate or advanced undergraduate students as well as more senior researchers interested in keeping abreast of these new developments.

The book consists of six sections which group the chapters according to their main topics: (a) Elastic and Anelastic Properties; (b) Rheology; (c) Melt and Glass Properties; (d) Structural and Magnetic Properties; (e) Diffraction and Spectroscopy; (f ) Pressure Calibration and Generation. As many chapters actually cover multiple topics, readers may find chapters of interest in different sections. All chapters are prepared with an emphasis on technical details suitable for a technical reference. Many on-line software resources are also listed in as detailed a manner as possible. However, the URL of the software sites may be subject to change without notice.

The editors would like to thank all the authors for their excellent contributions and timely cooperation during the editorial process. The book would not be possible without the efforts of numerous referees, including many anonymous reviewers, who provided critical, constructive reviews of the contents to ensure the quality of the book. <...>

Elastic and anelastic properties

Direct measurements of the elastic properties of iron and cobalt to 120 GPa – implications for the composition of Earth’s core 3 J.C. Crowhurst, A.F. Goncharov, and J.M. Zaug

A gigahertz ultrasonic interferometer for the diamond anvil cell and high-pressure elasticity of some iron-oxide minerals S.D. Jacobsen, H.J. Reichmann, A. Kantor and H.A. Spetzler

Simultaneous equation of state, pressure calibration and sound velocity measurements to lower mantle pressures using multi-anvil apparatus B. Li, J. Kung, T. Uchida and Y. Wang

Simultaneous determination of elastic and structural properties under simulated mantle conditions using multi-anvil device MAX80 H.J. Mueller, C. Lathe and F.R. Schilling

Laboratory measurement of seismic wave dispersion and attenuation at high pressure and temperature 95 I. Jackson

Rheology

High-temperature plasticity measurements using synchrotron X-rays 123 D.J. Weidner, L. Li, W. Durham and J. Chen

Stress and strain measurements of polycrystalline materials under controlled deformation at high pressure using monochromatic synchrotron radiation T. Uchida, Y. Wang, M.L. Rivers and S.R. Sutton

Development of a rotational Drickamer apparatus for large-strain deformation experiments at deep Earth conditions Y. Xu, Y. Nishihara, S.-i. Karato

Melt and glass properties

Density measurements of molten materials at high pressure using synchrotron X-ray radiography: melting volume of FeS J. Chen, D.J. Weidner, L. Wang, M.T. Vaughan and C.E. Young

Viscosity and density measurements of melts and glasses at high pressure and temperature by using the multi-anvil apparatus and synchrotron X-ray radiation E. Ohtani, A. Suzuki, R. Ando, S. Urakawa, K. Funakoshi and Y. Katayama

The effect of composition, compression, and decompression on the structure of high-pressure aluminosilicate glasses: an investigation utilizing 17O and 27Al NMR J.R. Allwardt, J.F. Stebbins, B.C. Schmidt and D.J. Frost

The application of 17O and 27Al solid-state (3QMAS) NMR to structures of non-crystalline silicates at high-pressure S.K. Lee, Y. Fei, G.D. Cody and B.O. Mysen

Structural and magnetic properties

Decompression of majoritic garnet: an experimental investigation of mantle periodotite exhumation L.F. Dobrzhinetskaya, H.W. Green, A.P. Renfro and K.N. Bozhilov

Chemistry at extreme conditions: approaching the Earth’s major interface L. Dubrovinsky, N. Dubrovinskaia, A. Kuznetsov and I. Kantor

Pressure dependence on the magnetic properties of titanomagnetite using the reversible susceptibility method S.A. Gilder and M. LeGoff

Diffraction and spectroscopy

High-pressure angle-dispersive powder diffraction using an energy-dispersive setup and white synchrotron radiation Y. Wang, T. Uchida, R. Von Dreele, A. Nozawa, K.-i. Funakoshi, N. Nishiyama and H. Kaneko

Methods and application of the Paris –Edinburgh Press to X-ray diffraction structure solution with large-volume samples at high pressures and temperatures W.A. Crichton and M. Mezouar

High-pressure structure determination and refinement by X-ray diffraction R.J. Angel

Nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and synchrotron Mo¨ssbauer spectroscopy with laser-heated diamond anvil cells J.-F. Lin, W. Sturhahn, J. Zhao, G. Shen, H.-k. Mao and R.J. Hemley

In situ Raman Spectroscopy with laser-heated diamond anvil cells M. Santoro, J.-F. Lin, V.V. Struzhkin, H.-k. Mao and R.J. Hemley

Pressure calibration and generation

Calibration based on a primary pressure scale in a multi-anvil device H.J. Mueller, F.R. Schilling, C. Lathe and J. Lauterjung

High-pressure generation in the Kawai-type apparatus equipped with sintered diamond anvils: application to the wurtzite – rocksalt transformation in GaN E. Ito, T. Katsura, Y. Aizawa, K. Kawabe, S. Yokoshi, A. Kubo, A. Nozawa and K.-i. Funakoshi

Development of high P–T neutron diffraction at LANSCE – toroidal anvil press, TAP-98, in the HiPPO diffractometer Y. Zhao, D. He, J. Qian, C. Pantea, K.A. Lokshin, J. Zhang and L.L. Daemen

A new optical capillary cell for spectroscopic studies of geologic fluids at pressures up to 100 MPa 475 I.-M. Chou, R.C. Burruss and W. Lu

Internal and external electrical heating in diamond anvil cells N. Dubrovinskaia and L. Dubrovinsky

A new gasket material for higher resolution NMR in diamond anvil cells T. Okuchi, H.-k. Mao and R.J. Hemley