Rockburst. Mechanisms, monitoring, warning and mitigation / Разрушение горных пород. Механизм, мониторинг, предупреждение и снижение последствий

Rockbursts are a dynamic hazard induced by tunneling (Fig. 1.1.1). Many rockbursts have occurred in highway tunnels: in Norway (Myrvang & Grimstad, 1983); the Kanetsu tunnel in Japan (Saito, Tsukada, Inami, Inoma, & Ito, 1983); the Karisaki tunnel in Japan (Katusyama, 1994); tunnels in China (Tjong Kie, 1988); a waterway tunnel in Korea (Lee, Park, & Lee, 2004); the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, where the deepest point has a rock layer of 2450 m (Hagedorn & Stadelmann, 2008); tunnels at Tianshengqiao II Hydropower Station in China (Zebin, 1994); headrace tunnels at Taipinyi Hydropower Station in China (Wang & Hong, 1995); Qamchiq tunnel in Uzbekistan (Deng, Liu, Li, & Guo, 2016); and headrace tunnels at Neelum-Jhelum hydroelectric Project in Pakistan (Chen & Chen, 2016). A total of 10,686 rockbursts occurred in a 13 km length of the Trans-Andean Olmos tunnel (with maximum overburden 2000 m) in Peru ( Joe, Willis, Carollo, & Askilsrud, 2008; Antonio, Handa, Tong, Montenegro, & Tassi, 2011). There were more than 1000 rockbursts that occurred during the construction of Jinping auxiliary tunnels, drainage tunnels, and headrace tunnels in China. A tunnel can be destroyed by intense rockbursts, as seen in Fig. 1.1.1.The construction of deep tunnels can also induce earthquakes. For example, a series of 112 earthquakes was recorded between October 2005 and August 2007 during the excavation of the MFS Faido, the southernmost access point of the new Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland (Stephan, Kissling, & von Deschwanden, 2012). The key characteristics of rockbursts in tunnels, including the location and time of occurrence, the influence of geological structures, and the differences between rockbursts induced by a tunneling boring machine (TBM) and drilling and blasting (D&B) tunneling will be given in the following subsections. <...>