Isotope geochemistry. The origin and formation of manganese rocks and ores / Изотопная геохимия. Происхождение и формирование марганцевых пород и руд

Questions about the geochemistry of manganese, the regularities of the distribution of manganese deposits, znd the composition of manganese ores and conditions of their formation have been treated in an extensive scientific literature, consisting of over 5000 titles. Among them are commonly known works by V.I. Vernadskii, A.E. Fersman, A.G. Betekhtin, N.S. Shatskii, N.M. Strakhov, and S. Roy. Substantial contributions to the explanation of the nature of manganese-ore deposits have been provided by the research of I.M. Varentsov, J.B. Maynard, K.F. Park, J. Ostwald, B. Bolton, F. Veber, N. Beukes, J. Gutzmer, G.S. Dzotsenidze, D.G. Sapozhnikov, E.A. Sokolova, L.E. Schterenberg, and many other Russian and international researchers.
Despite the accumulation of a vast array of data on the geology of manganese deposits and particularly pertaining to the chemical composition of manganese rocks and ores, many questions of manganese ore-genesis remain only partially answered. This is the case, first and foremost, with genetic models of the formation of the principal industrial types of manganese ores that are contained in such giant deposits and manganese-ore basins as the Kalahari (Republic of South Africa), groups of Oligocene deposits of the Paratethys (Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Bulgaria), the northern Urals (Russia), the Gulf of Carpentaria (Groote Eylandt, Arnhem Land, and elsewhere in Australia), and others <...>