3D Seismic Imaging / Трехмерная сейсмическая съемка

In the past decade, 3D reflection seismology has replaced 2D seismology almost entirely in the seismic industry. Recording 3D surveys has become the norm instead of the exception. The application of 2D seismology is limited mostly to reconnaissance surveys or to locations where recording 3D data is still prohibitively expensive, such as in rough mountains and wild forests. However, academic research and teaching have struggled to keep up with the 3D revolution. As a consequence of this tardiness, no books are available that introduce the theory of seismic imaging from the 3D perspective. This book is aimed at filling the gap.
Seismic processing of 3D data is inherently different from 2D processing. The differences begin with data acquisition: 3D data geometries are considerably more irregular than 2D geometries. Furthermore, 3D acquisition geometries are never complete because sources and receivers are never laid out in dense areal arrays covering the surface above the target. These fundamental differences, along with the increased dimensionality of the problem, strongly influence the methods applied to process, visualize, and interpret the final images. Most 3D imaging methods and algorithms cannot be derived from their 2D equivalent by merely adding a couple of dimensions to the 2D equations. This book introduces seismic imaging from the 3D perspective, starting from a 3D earth model. However, because the reader is likely to be familiar with 2D processing methods, I discuss the connections between 3D algorithms and the corresponding 2D algorithms whenever useful. <...>