Applied multidimensional geological modeling / Прикладное многомерное геологическое моделирование

In response to various technological and economic trends, geological survey organizations (GSOs) have increasingly relied on digital solutions to support the collection, maintenance, and distribution of subsurface geological data and information for use by increasingly diverse stakeholder communities. Raper (1989, 1991) provided some initial discussions of the applications and key concepts governing the development and applications of 3-D geological models. These efforts have been guided by the definition of the basic requirements for subsurface characterization and modeling first stated by Kelk (1991): “The industry requires a system for interactive creation of spatial and spatio-temporal models of the physical nature of portions of the Earth’s crust.” Kelk elaborated further by stating: “these models must have the capability to effectively model & visualise the geometry of rock- and time-stratigraphic units, the spatial and temporal relationships between geo-objects, the variation in internal composition of geo-objects, the displacements or distortions by tectonic forces, and the fluid flow through rock units.” These capabilities involve timevarying as well as spatially-varying phenomena; thus, the modeling process is multi-dimensional. <...>