Remote sensing and GIS integration. Theories, methods and applications / 70 / 5000 Результаты перевода Дистанционное зондирование и интеграция ГИС. Теории, методы и приложения

Remote sensing refers to the activities of recording,  observing, and perceiving (sensing) objects or events in far-away (remote) places. In remote sensing, the sensors are not in direct contact with the objects or events being observed. Electromagnetic radiation normally is used as the information carrier in remote sensing. The output of a remote sensing system is usually an image representing the scene being observed. A further step of image analysis and interpretation is required to extract useful information from the image. In a more restricted sense, remote sensing refers to the science and technology of acquiring information about the earth’s surface (i.e., land and ocean) and atmosphere using sensors onboard airborne (e.g., aircraft or balloons) or spaceborne (e.g., satellites and space shuttles) platforms. Depending on the scope, remote sensing may be broken down into (1) satellite remote sensing (when satellite platforms are used), (2) photography and photogrammetry (when photographs are used to capture visible light), (3) thermal remote sensing (when the thermal infrared portion of the spectrum is used), (4) radar remote sensing (when microwave wavelengths are used), and (5) LiDAR remote sensing (when laser pulses are transmitted toward the ground and the distance between the sensor and the ground is measured based on the return time of each pulse)