Natural hazards. Earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides / Стихийные бедствия. Землетрясения, вулканы и оползни

Natural hazards are associated with land, ocean and atmospheric processes, and their impacts on human societies. Over the years, the interactions between land, ocean, biosphere and atmosphere have increased, mainly due to population growth and anthropogenic activities, which have impacted the climate and weather conditions at local, regional and global scales. Due to population growth, the changes in land use and land cover and underground natural resources, in situ stress, pore pressure and surface albedo have led to various kinds of natural hazards associated with land (such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, subsidence, desertification and droughts), oceans (cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes; harmful algal blooms; and tsunamis) and the atmosphere (lightning and dust storms). Natural hazards significantly impact human life and health on different spatiotemporal scales and also have socioeconomic bearings. In recent years, satellite data have been widely used by many developed and developing countries, in an effort to better understand and characterize the various underlying processes influencing natural hazards, and to carry out related impact assessments. Efforts have also been made to launch dedicated satellite missions for monitoring hazards and studying changes in land, ocean and atmospheric parameters. Satellite remote sensing, in general, is now routinely used to collect and analyze global and regional data for understanding Earth system processes, ranging from subsurficial features to upper atmospheric composition. <...>